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BOOKBINDING (tajlīd, ṣaḥḥāfī) in Iran at first followed the pattern of previous Near Eastern book covers, but subsequently Persian craftsmen developed new types reflecting the luxury and refinement of courtly life. The edges of traditional bookbindings from the Islamic world are even with the text block, and the spine is…

BOOKBINDING (ṣaḥḥāfi, jeld-sāzi), the traditional craft of binding new books and decorating the cover with embossed or painted designs, or of repairing worn out volumes by restoring their cover or providing them with new ones. The ornamentation was usually created by means of gilding and took the form of floral…

BOQʿA (plur. beqāʿ or boqaʿ but commonly although incorrectly boqāʿ), the mausoleum of a sacred or revered personage, sometimes taken to include additional structures adjoining the tomb or the open space surrounding it. Originally meaning a piece of land visibly distinguished from its surroundings either by its elevation or in…

Search terms:  گل،گاوزبان gav zabaan  gav zaban  

BŌRĀN (Pers. Pōrān, Pūrān), Sasanian queen, daughter of Ḵosrow II (r. 590, 591-628). There are extant coins of Bōrān dated from the first, second, and third years of her reign (de Morgan, p. 329, fig. 418; Göbl, pls. XII, XV). She ascended the throne in the year that ran from…

BORĀQ, ruler of the Chaghatay khanate in Transoxiana (664-70/1266-71); properly Baraq, the pronunciation Borāq having been assimilated to the name of the Prophet Moḥammad’s mount on his meʿrāj (night journey to heaven). Borāq was a great-grandson of Jengiz Khan and a son of Yesün-Toʾa. Together with his father he was banished…

BORĀZJĀN, town and county (šahrestān) in modern Bushehr Province in southern Iran. Historically, it is part of of Fārs.  The name may be derived from Borāza, the father of Mehr-Narseh, vizier (bozorj-farmaḏār) of Bahrām V (Ṭabarī, I, p. 866; Nöldeke, Geschichte der Perser, p. 106 n. 2). The county is bordered in the…

BORHĀN BALḴĪ, BORHĀN-AL-DĪN MOẒAFFAR b. Šams b. ʿAlī b. Ḥamīd-al-Dīn, a poet of the 8th/14th century from Balḵ. He was descended from Ebrāhīm b. Adham, the renowned Iranian Sufi of the 2nd/8th century. He was taken to India by his father Solṭān Šams Balḵī during the reign of the Delhi…

BORHĀN NAFĪS, BORHĀN-AL-DĪN NAFĪS b. ʿEważ b. Ḥakīm Kermānī, a physician of great renown in the 9th/15th century. Born into a medical family, he lived in Kermān and practiced medicine there until his repute reached the Timurid prince Oloḡ (Uluḡ) Beg b. Šāhroḵ, who invited him to join his court…

Search terms:  برهان،محمد حسین borhan mohammad hosein  borhaan mohammad hosein borhaan mohamad hosein 

BORHĀN-AL-DĪN NASAFĪ, ABU’L-FAŻĀʾEL MOḤAMMAD b. Moḥammad b. Moḥammad b. ʿAbd-­Allāh (d. 687/1288), Hanafite theologian, logician, and expert on legal points of disagreement (ḵelāf) and dialectic (jadal). According to his pupil Ebn al-Fowaṭī (Ṣafadī, I, p. 282), he was born around 600/1203, presumably in Nasaf in Transoxania, and came to Baghdad…

BORHĀN-AL-DĪN, ḴᵛĀJA ABŪ NAṢR FATḤ-ALLĀH, a vizier eulogized by Ḥāfeẓ in two ḡazals (nos. 374 and 478). He was a descendant of ʿOṯmān and son of the vizier Ḵᵛāja Kamāl-al-Dīn Abu’l-Maʿālī, who founded religious charities and a hospital at Yazd. Amir Mobārez-al-Dīn Moḥammad b. Moẓaffar, the ruler of Yazd, appointed…