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BĪNEŠ KAŠMĪRĪ, ESMĀʿĪL, a Persian poet of India in the 11th/17th century. His ancestors migrated from Iran to settle in Kashmir where Bīneš was born (ʿAbd-al-Moqtader, III, p. 145). He is not to be con­fused with Jaʿfar Beg, a Persian poet of Iran who was a contemporary of Sultan Ḥosayn…

BINYON, (ROBERT) LAURENCE (1869-1943), prolific English poet, translator, art historian and critic, notably of Oriental art. Binyon was born in Lancaster into a Quaker family, and educated at Trinity College, Oxford. He married in 1904 and had three daughters. From 1913 to 1933 he was in charge of the Department…

Search terms:  بیوگرافی، زندگی نامه ها      

BIRCH. The genus Betula L. in Iran has been variously identified as B. alba L. (e.g., Sāʿī, I, p. 187; Parsa, IV, pp. 1343-45, VIII, p. 26) or B. pendula Roth. = B. alba L. subsp. verrucosa Regel, B. ovata C. Koch, etc. (e.g., Ṯābetī, p. 163). It is found…

BIRD, ISABELLA L., also known under her married surname of Bishop (1831-1904), British traveler in western Iran and Kurdistan during the late Victorian period. Coming from a line of Warwickshire gentry with strong links with the East India Company and the Anglican Church, Isabella inherited a firm Evangelical Christian faith…

BIRDS IN IRAN 1. Description of the Iranian bird fauna. Despite the fact that large portions of the country are arid to semi-arid, Iran possesses a very rich and diverse bird fauna; over 490 species are known to have occurred. Two main factors are responsible for this; the great range…

Search terms: بیری   biri biry   

BĪRJAND, town and district in the southeastern part of the province of Khorasan. Town. The traditional town (lat 32°52′ N, long 59°13′ E), situated at an elevation of about 1,500 m, was built on low hills separated by a dry riverbed called Šāhrūd. It had two forts, one on a prominent…

BIRJAND, the capital and a sub-province in Khorasan-e Jonubi Province. This entry is divided into the following two articles. i. The town and sub-province. ii. Population, 1956-2011.

BIRJAND ii. Population, 1956-2011 This article deals with the following population characteristics of Birjand city: population growth from 1956 to 2011, age structure, average household size, literacy rate, and economic activity status for 2006 and/or 2011 (different dates for the categories are determined by the availability of census data). Population…

BĪRŪNĪ, the public or male quarters of wealthy households, used for the conduct of business, male religious ceremonies (such as sofra dādan), and parties for men. The bīrūnī was less furnished than the andarūnī or women’s quarters and had separate (if smaller) courtyards planted with fruit trees, shrubs, and flowers and…

BĪRŪNĪ, ABŪ RAYḤĀN MOḤAMMAD b. Aḥmad (362/973- after 442/1050), scholar and polymath of the period of the late Samanids and early Ghaznavids and one of the two greatest intellectual figures of his time in the eastern lands of the Muslim world, the other being Ebn Sīnā (Avicenna). i. Life. ii.Bibliography….

BĪRŪNĪ, ABŪ RAYḤĀN i. Life Bīrūnī was born in the outer suburb (bīrūn, hence his nesba) of Kāṯ, the capital of the Afrighid Ḵᵛārazmšāhs (see āl-e afrīḡ), and spent the first twenty-five years of his life in Ḵᵛārazm studying both the al-ʿolūm al-ʿarabīya “Arab sciences” (feqh, theology, grammar, etc.) and…

BĪRŪNĪ, ABŪ RAYḤĀN ii. Bibliography Bīrūnī catalogued both his own works and those of Rāzī. In 427/1035-36 or a little thereafter Bīrūnī wrote, at the urging of a friend, a Resāla fī fehrest kotob Moḥammad b. Zakarīyāʾ al-Rāzī (Epistle concerning a list of the books of Moḥammad b. Zakarīyāʾ al-Rāzī)….

BĪRŪNĪ, ABŪ RAYḤĀN iii. Mathematics and Astronomy Ninety-five of 146 books known to have been written by Bīrūnī, about 65 percent, were devoted to astronomy, mathematics, and related subjects like math­ematical geography (Kennedy, p. 152). The mathemat­ical portions of his works were invariably devoted to applied, rather than theoretical, mathematics;…