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BAYHAQ, a town of Khorasan in the Islamic period, also known as Sabzavār. Bayhaq is properly the name of a rural area (rostāq) lying between the district of Nīšāpūr (Neyšābūr) and the eastern borders of Qūmes, of which Sabzavār and Ḵosrowjerd, separated by two farsaḵs only, were the main urban…

BAYHAQĪ, ABU’L-FAŻL MOḤAMMAD B. ḤOSAYN, secretary at the Ghaznavid court and renowned Persian historian, b. 385/995 at Ḥāreṯābād in Bayhaq (modern Sabzavār in Khorasan), d. Ṣafar, 470/August-September, 1077. Life. In his youth Bayhaqī studied in Nīšāpūr, at that time an important cultural center; he later joined the secretariat (dīvān-e resālat)…

BAYHAQĪ, ABU’L-ḤASAN MOḤAMMAD B. ŠOʿAYB ʿEJLĪ NAYSĀBŪRĪ (d. 324/936), a jurist who helped promote the spread of the Shafeʿite school of Islamic law in Khorasan. After initial training at Nīšāpūr under traditionists such as Abū Bakr b. Ḵozayma and Būšanjī, he went to Baghdad and studied law under Moḥammad b….

BAYHAQĪ, EBRĀHĪM B. MOḤAMMAD, Arabic littérateur, known solely through his one book, the Ketāb al-maḥāsen wa’l-masāwī. Nothing is known of him except for what can be gleaned from this, though his forebears presumably had some connection with Bayhaq in Khorasan; he apparently wrote in the caliphate of al-Moqtader (295-320/909-12), and Brockelmann…

BAYHAQĪ, ẒAHĪR-AL-DĪN ABU’L-ḤASAN ʿALĪ B. ZAYD (ca. 490-565/1097-1169), also known as Ebn Fondoq, an Iranian polymath of Arab descent, author of the Tārīḵ-eBayhaq. What is known of Bayhaqī’s life stems from the autobiographical section of his lost work on the history of Iran (410-560/1020-1165) Mašāreb al-tajāreb (preserved in Yāqūt, Odabāʾ…

BĀYJŪ (BAIJU or BAIČU), Mongol general and military governor in northwestern Iran (fl. 625/1228-657/1259). He belonged to the Besüt tribe and was a kinsman of Jengiz (Čingis) Khan’s general Jebe (Jaba). He took part in an attack on Isfahan in 625/1228 (Nasawī, Sīrat-e Jalāl-al-Dīn Mangbertī, ed. M. Mīnovī, Tehran, 1343…

BAYLAQĀN, Armenian form Pʿaytakaran (cf. Marquart, Osteuropäische und ostasiatische Streifzüge, Leipzig, 1903, p. 457), a town of the medieval Islamic region of Arrān, the classical Caucasian Albania, lying in the triangle between the Kor and Aras (Araxes) rivers, in what is today the Mīl steppe in Soviet Azerbaijan. In Islamic…

BĀYQARĀ B. ʿOMAR ŠAYḴ (795/1392-93-­826/1422-23?), a Timurid prince and grandson of Tīmūr. Although his age at the time of Tīmūr’s death in Šaʿbān, 807/February, 1405, is given as twelve years (Yazdī, II, p. 734; Faṣīḥ, I, p. 154), he was one of several grandsons of Tīmūr who were married at…

BAYRAM (or BAYRĀM) KHAN, Moḥammad Ḵān(-e) Ḵānān, an illustrious and powerful Iranian noble at the court of the Mughal emperors Homāyūn and Akbar, who may be called the second founder of the Mughal empire after Bābor. The Mughal era might have ended when Emperor Homāyūn (d. 963/1656) was defeated by…

BAYRĀMŠĀH (d. 769/1367-69; name derived from Tk. bayram “feast”), the beloved companion (nadīm) of Sultan Oways, second ruler (r. 757-76/1356-1374-75) of the Jalayerids. His father was called either Solṭānšāh-e Ḵāzen (Mīrḵᵛānd, V, p. 572; Ḥabīb al-sīar III, p. 240; Bayānī, p. 50; Salmān Sāwajī, Kollīyāt, p. ix) or Ḵᵛāja Marjān…

BAYRĀNAVAND, a Lor tribe of the Pīš(-e)Kūh region in Lorestān. A. T. Wilson described it as “the strongest of the tribes of Luristan” and as “the wildest and least amenable of the Lot tribes” (Luristan, Simla, 1912, p. 22). In the early 1800s, according to H. C. Rawlinson, the tribe…

BĀYSONḠOR, ḠĪĀT-AL-DĪN B. ŠĀHROḴ B. TĪMŪR (799-837/1397-1433), also called Sultan Bāyson­ḡor Bahādor Khan, Timurid prince who played an important role as a statesman and a patron of art and architecture and was himself a first-class calligrapher. His title (laqab) is sometimes given as Moʿezz-al-Dīn (Neżām-al-Dīn Šāmī, ed. Tauer, 1956, p….

BĀYSONḠORĪ ŠĀH-NĀMA, an illuminated and gilded manuscript of Ferdowsī’s Šāh-nāma measur­ing 26.5 x 38 cm, containing 346 pages and twenty-one paintings, written in nastaʿlīq, and kept in the former Royal Library (Golestan Palace Museum, no. 6) in Tehran. i. The manuscript. ii. The paintings.   i. The Manuscript The Bāysonḡorī…

BAYT, a genre of Kurdish folk art similar to Azerbaijani Turkish dāstān or ḥekāya, British and Scottish popular ballads, Danish vise, Spanish romance, Russian bylina, etc. Bayt is an orally transmitted story which is either entirely sung or is a combination of sung verse and spoken prose. It is distinguished…

Bayt Mahmud Kolāhpizah title Bayt Mahmud Kolāhpizah genre/topic Bayt language Sorani Kurdish performer Ebrāhim Minuyi of Marivān instrument   composer   author/poet   first line of poem   recorded by   place of recording   date of recording   duration 1:33 source Epics in Iranian Folk Music, 2. Mahoor Institute…