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BAHRA, a term meaning “share,” “gain,” or “profit,” used within the economic context of Islamic Iran to mean “return on investment or production.” This holds true for the various uses of the term: (1) as a fiscal term meaning “tithe,” or as “economic rent”, especially in agricultural relationship, and (2)…

BAHRAIN, Ar. Baḥrayn, lit. “two seas,” the name originally applied to the area of the northeastern Arabian peninsula now known as Ḥasā (Aḥsāʾ). i. Geography. ii. Shiʿite elements in Bahrain. iii. History of political relations with Iran. (For Carmathians in Bahrain see carmathians.)   i. Geography Several interpretations of the…

BAHRĀM (بهرام), the name of six Sasanian kings and of several notables of the Sasanian and later periods. The name derives from Old Iranian Vṛθragna, Avestan Vərəθraγna, the god of victory (see above), Middle Persian Warahrān, Wahrām (most often spelled wlhlʾn), Parthian *Warθagn, borrowed into Armenian as Vahagn, and Wa(r)hrām…

BAHRĀM, the Old Iranian god of victory, Avestan Vərəθraγna, Middle Persian Warahrān, Wahrān. i. In Old and Middle Iranian texts. ii. Representation in Iranian art.   i. In Old and Middle Iranian Texts BAHRĀM, original meaning “smiting of resistance;” not found in Old Persian; Middle Persian Warahrān, frequently used in…

BAHRĀM B. MARDĀNŠĀH, a Zoroastrian priest (mōbed) of the town of Šāpūr in Fārs, mentioned in several Arabic and Persian sources as a translator of the Xwadāy-nāmag from Pahlavi into Arabic (Ḥamza, pp. 9, 23-24; Bīrūnī, Āṯāral-bāqīa, p. 99; Fehrest, p. 245; “Moqaddama-ye qadīm-e Šāh-nāma,” in M. Qazvīnī, Bīst maqāla…

Bahrām I Bahrām I, the fourth Sasanian king and son of Šāpūr I (FIGURE 1), succeeded Hormozd (Ohrmezd) I and ruled from June, 271 until September, 274 (for the chronology of the early Sasanians, the findings of W. B. Henning, Asia Major, 1957, p. 116, are followed here). Four of…

Bahrām II Bahrām II, the fifth Sasanian king, succeeded his father Bahrām I in September, 274 (cf. W. B. Henning, Asia Major, 1957, p. 116) and reigned for 17 1/4 years (Nöldeke,Geschichte der Perser, p. 415), i.e., till the end of 291. He regarded the high priest Kardēr as his…

Bahrām III Bahrām III, Sakān Šāh (corrupt orthography: Šāhanšāh), the sixth Sasanian king, son of Bahrām II (less likely of Hormozd I, see Nöldeke, Geschichte der Perser, p. 49 n. 1, p. 436a n. 3), ruled for four months. He was proclaimed king (despite his reluctance, it is claimed, see…

Bahrām IV Bahrām IV succeeded Šāpūr III and ruled 388-99. Ṭabarī (tr. Nöldeke, Geschichte der Perser, p. 71) calls him a son of Šāpūr II, but, according to Agathias (4.26), Ḥamza (p. 20), Šāh-nāma (Moscow, VII, p. 262) and others, he was a son of Šāpūr III, which is more…

BAHRĀM MĪRZĀ (923-57/1517-49), youngest son of Shah Esmāʿīl by a Mowsullū Turkman wife and full brother of Shah Ṭahmāsb; he is remembered for achievements in two areas: military and cultural. Shah Ṭahmāsb relied on his brother’s loyalty and military valor for assistance against both his internal and external enemies. As…

BAHRĀM MĪRZĀ, MOʿEZZ-AL-DAWLA, the second son of the crown prince ʿAbbās Mīrzā. Bahrām Mīrzā began his service to the court as governor of Ḵoy in 1243/1828, the year his father retreated before the Russian advance. When the Russians besieged Ḵoy, ʿAbbās Mīrzā withdrew his son and replaced him with Amir…

BAHRĀM, newspaper founded in Tehran in Bahman, 1321 Š./February, 1943 by ʿAbd-al-Raḥmān Farāmarzī, a journalist of note and himself editor of the daily Keyhān (q.v.). The editor was Parvīz Ḵaṭībī. It had a somewhat checkered career, first appearing as a substitute for the newspaper Keyhān, which at that time was…

Search terms:  بهرام گلندام bahram golandam bahraam goulandaam  

BAHRĀM(-E) PAŽDŪ, Parsi poet of the 7th/13th century and father of the famous Parsi poet Zardošt(-e) Bahrām (2nd half of 7th/13th century, author of the Zardošt-nāma). Zardošt mentions his departed father in his versified Persian Ardā Wīrāf-nāma (ed. ʿAfīfī, p. 20 v. 389) as a man of letters (adīb; variant…

BAHRĀM SĪĀVOŠĀN (i.e., Bahrām son of Sīāvoš) was a supporter of Bahrām Čōpīn or Čōbīn, the general in the reigns of Hormozd IV (578-90) and his son Ḵosrow II Parvēz (590-628). According to the account in the Šāh-nāma, he took part in Bahrām Čōpīn’s campaign against the Turks (Moscow ed.,…