Search Results for “pahlavi”

• PAHLAVI PSALTER

  Philippe Gignoux

  name given to a fragment, consisting of twelve pages written on both sides, of a Middle Persian translation of the Syriac Psalter. It was discovered, with a mass of other documents, at Bulayiq, near Turfan, in eastern Turkistan (present-day Xinjiang, China) by one of the four German expeditions to Central Asia.

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• PAHLAVI PAPYRI

  Dieter Weber

  documents written exclusively in Egypt during the Persian (Sasanian) occupation under Ḵosrow II between 619 and 629 CE.

• JOURNALISM ii. Pahlavi Period

  cross-reference

  See forthcoming online.

• HEALTH IN PERSIA iv. PAHLAVI PERIOD

  Cross-Reference

  See Supplement.

• HISTORIOGRAPHY ix. PAHLAVI PERIOD

  Abbas Amanat, EIr

  Historiography of this period will be treated in two separate entries: (1) General survey of historical writings; and (2) Specific topics concerning historical works.

• HEDAYAT, SADEQ iv. TRANSLATIONS OF PAHLAVI TEXTS

  Touraj Daryaee

  Sadeq Hedayat traveled to India in 1936 and stayed for less than two years. In Bombay he began studying Middle Persian and some Pāzand with the Parsi scholar B. T.  Anklesaria.

• CROWN v. In the Qajar and Pahlavi periods

  Yaḥyā Ḏokāʾ

  Fatḥ-ʿAlī Shah (r. 1797-1834) ordered the cre­ation of a tall, jeweled crown with eight peaks on a red velvet cap, the Kayānī crown. From that time on all Qajar kings wore this crown, which is now kept in the Bānk-e markazī-e Īrān (Central bank of Iran).

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• KAYĀNIĀN i. Kavi: Avestan kauui, Pahlavi kay

  Prods Oktor Skjærvø

  Kavi is the Indo-Iranian term for “(visionary) poet.”  The term may be older than Indo-Iranian, if Lydian kaveś and the Samothracean title cited by Hesychius as koíēs or kóēs are related.

• CLOTHING xi. In the Pahlavi and post-Pahlavi periods

  ʿAlī-Akbar Saʿīdī Sīrjānī

  Office workers and other urban residents who favored modernity gradually adopted the sardārī (frock coat), trousers, and even on occasion Western suits. In 1928 the cabinet resolved that all male Persians dress uniformly in Western style.

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• EDUCATION xxvi. WOMEN’S EDUCATION IN THE PAHLAVI PERIOD AND AFTER

  EIr

  In the 1920s and 1930s women’s public education in Persia was established and grew rapidly.  In 1926-27 the enrollment of females in primary schools was about 17,000, 21 percent of total enrollment at that level.

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• ADMINISTRATION in Iran vii. Pahlavi period

  R. Sheikholeslami

  The constitution of 1906 and the supplementary laws of 1907 provided the juridical foundation for a legal-rational state within which the legislature was empowered to establish and modify the administration.

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• FISCAL SYSTEM v. PAHLAVI PERIOD

  MASSOUD KARSHENAS

  The first attempts at setting up a modern fiscal system in Persian began after the Constitutional Revolution.

• FREEMASONRY iii. In the Pahlavi Period

  EIr

  There were three distinct phases: (1) dormancy, from 1925-1950 under Reżā Shah and for the decade following his abdication in 1941; (2) revival, and the creation of the Lodge Pahlavi; (3) burgeoning, in the period of 1955-78, when dozens of regular lodges were chartered.

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• ZOROASTER iv. In the Pahlavi Books

  A. V. Williams

  Although Pahlavi was spoken as long ago as the 3rd century BCE, most of the written works that survive were compiled from older Zoroastrian material in the period after the Muslim conquest up to the 10th century CE.

• HISTORIOGRAPHY ix. PAHLAVI PERIOD (2)

  EIr

  a survey of contributions in the fields of chronology, calendar systems, religious history, and cultural continuity from pre-Islamic to the Islamic period, and a survey of the ultra-nationalistic current in historical writings in the Pahlavi period.

• FEMINIST MOVEMENTS iii. IN THE PAHLAVI PERIOD

  Hamideh Sedghi

  in the Pahlavi Period. The fundamental political, socio-cultural, and economic changes which Persia underwent in the Pahlavi era (1921-78) had drastic repercussions on the women’s rights movement and the condition of women.

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• ARMY vi. Pahlavi Period

  M. J. Sheikh-ol-Islami

  While few foreign officers were employed, many cadets were sent abroad, mainly to French military academies. Consequently, the nascent military institutions were highly influenced by the style and organization which were prevalent in France.

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• MIDDLE PERSIAN LITERATURE i. PAHLAVI LITERATURE

  Carlo G. Cereti

  the writings of the Zoroastrians in the Middle Persian language and Book Pahlavi script, which were compiled in the 9th and the 10th centuries CE.

• JUDEO-PERSIAN COMMUNITIES vi. THE PAHLAVI ERA (1925-1979)

  Orly R. Rahimiyan

  Zionist institutions in London and the Iranian Foreign Ministry engaged in heated arguments over the total ban on emigration to Palestine and on the use of Iranian soil by Russian Jews as a transit station on their way to Palestine.

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• COMMERCE vii. In the Pahlavi and post-Pahlavi periods

  Vahid Nowshirvani

  A prominent feature of Persian export trade was the steady rise in both the value and volume of oil shipments through almost the entire Pahlavi period until the Revolution, when this trend was reversed. Because of the large increase in price in 1352 Š./1973 the value of Persian oil exports climbed substantially more than the volume in the 1970s. Other exports fared less well.

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• IRAQ vi. PAHLAVI PERIOD, 1921-79

  Mohsen M. Milani

  Relations between Iran and Iraq underwent three different phases between 1921, when Britain installed Faysal Ibn Hossein as king of a newly formed nation-state of Iraq and 1979, when the Pahlavi dynasty was swept away by revolution.

• HISTORIOGRAPHY ix. PAHLAVI PERIOD (1)

  Abbas Amanat

  The historical studies of this period are primarily about documenting Iran’s national identity.

• ANGLO-IRANIAN RELATIONS iii. Pahlavi period

  R. W. Ferrier

  For most of the 20th century relations have been dominated politically by the modernization and revival of Iran under the stimulus of Reżā Shah and his son and successor Moḥammad Reżā Shah, strategically by Iran’s proximity to the Soviet Union, and economically by Iranian oil.

• ECONOMY ix. IN THE PAHLAVI PERIOD

  M. Hashem Pesaran

  Overall, under the Pahlavis the Persian economy made significant advances which compared favorably with the experience of countries such as Turkey and Egypt, which were in a better state of development after the First World War.

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• CARPETS xii. Pahlavi Period

  Willem Floor

  Throughout the 14th/20th century carpet manufacturing has been, from the point of view of both employment and domestic and foreign market demand, by far the most important Persian industry after oil refining.

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• Isfahan ix. THE PAHLAVI PERIOD AND THE POST-REVOLUTION ERA

  Habib Borjian

  In the process of consolidating his power in Isfahan, Reza Shah managed to constrain two powerful social groups: the Shiʿite clergy and the Baḵtiāri tribesmen.

• GORGĀN vii. History from the Safavids to the end of the Pahlavi era

  Jawād Neyestāni and EIr

  Two characteristics dominated the history of Gorgān in the period between the 16th and early 19th centuries: incessant tribal unrest and power politics.

• CLASS SYSTEM vi. Classes in the Pahlavi Period

  Ahmad Ashraf and Ali Banuazizi

  The major social classes leading to the revolution in 1979, consisted of professionals, bureaucrats, the bourgeoisie, the traditional middle and lower-middle classes, the heterogeneous working classes, and the agrarian classes.

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• FĀRS iv. History in the Qajar and Pahlavi Periods

  Ahmad Ashraf

  The Qajar period (1794-1921) was marked in Fārs by rule of dozens of prince-governors; Britain’s influence; division of the Qašqāʾī and Ḵamsa tribal confederacies; continued local autonomy of tribal khans and influential landowners; and the increasing political role of the ʿolamāʾ.

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• KASHAN iii. History to the Pahlavi Period

  Mehrdad Amanat

  of the city to the Pahlavi period.

• BONYĀD-E PAHLAVĪ

  cross-reference

  See PAHLAVI FOUNDATION.

• BANDAR-E PAHLAVĪ

  cross-reference

  See ANZALĪ.

• ARCHITECTURE

  Multiple Authors

  This series of articles covers architecture in Iran from ancient times to the Pahlavi period. 

• ARD

  Cross-Reference

  (Pahlavi; Manichean Middle Persian ʾyrd). See AHRIŠWANG, AŠI. 

• KAYĀNIĀN xi. The Kayanids and the Kang-dez

  Prods Oktor Skjærvø

  According to the Pahlavi texts, Kay Siāwaxš built the Kang castle (Kang-diz) by miraculous power (Pahlavi Rivāyat: with his own hands, by means of the [Kavian] xwarrah and the might of Ohrmazd and the Amahrspands).

• BORZMEHR

  Djalal Khaleghi-Motlagh

  (Pahlavi, lit. “deep affection”) one of the priests (mōbed) and scribes who served Ḵosrow I (r. 531-79).

• CITIZENSHIP

  Multiple Authors

  the legal, political, and social status of every person who belongs to a state.

• ANGLO-IRANIAN RELATIONS

  Multiple Authors

  This series of articles covers relations between England and Iran from the Safavid to the Pahlavi periods. 

• ABDĪH UD SAHĪGĪH Ī SAGASTĀN

  A. Tafażżolī

  (“The wonder and remarkability of Sagastān”), short Pahlavi treatise.

• ĀRYĀMEHR

  Cross-Reference

  See MOḤAMMAD REŻA SHAH PAHLAVI.

• ĒRĪČ MOUNTAIN

  Gherardo Gnoli

  mentioned in a chapter of the Bundahišn devoted to mountains.

• COMMERCE

  Multiple Authors

   within Persia and between Persia and other regions.

• HEALTH IN PERSIA

  Multiple Authors

  OVERVIEW of the entry: i. Pre-Islamic period. ii. Medieval period. iii. Qajar period. iv. Pahlavi period.

• ARAŠK

  Cross-Reference

  or AREŠK (Pahlavi), Avestan araska-, Persian rašk “envy,” in Middle Persian sometimes personified as a demon. See RAŠK (pending).

• GARŌDMĀN

  William W. Malandra

  the Pahlavi name for heaven and paradise.

• FISCAL SYSTEM

  Multiple Authors

  i. Achaemenid Period. ii. Sasanian Period. iii. Islamic Period. iv. Safavid and Qajar Periods. v. Pahlavi Period. vi. Islamic Republic..

• HADIŠ (2)

  Mary Boyce

  the Avestan name of a minor Zoroastrian divinity, glossed in Pahlavi (tr. of Visprad 1:9) by mēnōg ī xānag “Spirit of the house.”

• XWĒŠKĀRĪH Ī RĒDAGĀN

  Mahnaz Moazami

  (The duty of children), a Pahlavi manual for Zoroastrian children regarding correct behavior.

• JOURNALISM IN IRAN

  Multiple Authors

  the collection and editing of news for presentation through the public press during the Qajar, Pahlavi, and Post-Revolutionary periods.

• AZAL

  J. van Ess

  Arabic theological term derived from Pahlavi a-sar “without head” and meaning, already in early Muʿtazilite kalām, “eternity a parte ante,” as opposite to abad, “eternity a parte post.”