PERSIAN MANUSCRIPTS i. IN OTTOMAN AND MODERN TURKISH LIBRARIES
These are from four sources: (1) those written, translated, and copied in Anatolia; (2) those brought into Anatolia by immigrant scholars; (3) those brought by traders; 4) those brought as war booty.
PERSIAN MANUSCRIPTS
i. IN OTTOMAN AND MODERN TURKISH LIBRARIES
Historical background. Turkish libraries today possess the richest and most valuable collection of Islamic manuscripts (henceforth MSS) in the world. They were collected over a long period of time. The Persian MSS in the libraries of Istanbul and Anatolia today were collected from four sources: (1) Persian manuscripts written, translated, and copied in Anatolia. (2) Persian manuscripts brought into Anatolia by immigrant scholars. (3) Persian MSS brought to Anatolia by traders. 4) Persian MSS brought there as booty of the wars and conquests of the 16th and 18th centuries.
The Saljuq conquests, which took place in the second half of the 11th century, and the establishment of the Saljuq sultanate of Rum in the last quarter of the same century spread Islamic culture through Anatolia in a relatively short period. The Saljuqs championed Persian letters, and this led to the spread and production of works in Persia and Anatolia. Soon after this, we can see the beginning of a literary culture in Anatolia in the form of original writings, translations, and copying. We have little information about these activities in the first stages of their development in Anatolia. However, some information may be obtained from the MSS that have survived to the present day. According to our present knowledge, the first Persian book written in Anatolia, about a century before the first Turkish work appeared in this region, is Kašf al-ʿaqaba by Elyās b. Aḥmad of Qayṣariya (Kayseri) at the very beginning of the 12th century (Bayram 1981, p. 13). The oldest extant Persian work reflecting the geography of Anatolia is the autographed manuscript of Ketāb wojuh al-Qorʾān by Abu’l-Fażl Ḥobayš b. Ebrāhim b. Moḥammad Teflisi, completed in Konya on 24 Ṣafar 558/1 February 1163 (Atıf Efendi Library, Eki, no. 1316; FIGURE 4b).
Mehmed II established a library in the city of Manisa during his youth as a prince, and later on in the city of Edirne during the initial years of his reign. Following the conquest of Istanbul, he established the first Ottoman library within the compound of the ‘Old Palace’. This library was later moved to the ‘New Palace’. The Ottoman sultans established a considerable number of libraries as charitable foundations (waqf), which existed alongside the private ones, for the benefit of the madrasa students and the public. The first foundation library was established in the Eyüb (Ayub) Institution following the conquest of the city of Istanbul. Another library on a small scale was also established within the Zeyrek madrasa and the Shaikh Vefa (Wafā) Institution, and another was established at the in Aya Sofya (Hagia Sophia), which was converted into a mosque following the Ottoman conquest. The MSS kept at the Aya Sofya and Zeyrek madrasas were transferred to the Fatih Institution in 1471. We do not have sufficient information about the MSS of the first libraries established in Istanbul. However, such libraries would almost certainly also have had Persian manuscripts considering the cultural attitudes of the era (Ünver, 1946, pp. 15-16).Libraries were also established in provincial Ottoman cities such as Edirne, Bursa, Skopje (formerly Üsküp, in Macedonia), Amasya, Konya, Afyon and Beyşehir in the second half of the 15th century. However, such libraries belonged to madrasas, which were engaged mainly in the teaching of religious subjects, and therefore most of their MSS were written in Arabic.
A large number of Persian MSS prepared for the private libraries of Mehmed II, Bayezid II, Prince Qorqud (d. 1513), the unfortunate highly cultured eldest son of Bayezid II, and Prince Ahmed (Aḥmad), brother of Qorqud and Selim, have survived until the present day in good condition. Bayezid II made great efforts to enrich the library that had been established by his father Mehmed II in the Topkapı Palace by adding to it MSS dedicated to himself. It is known that Prince Qorqud, himself an accomplished scholar and poet, also owned a rich personal library. There exist also some MSS that had been copied for the private libraries of Selim I and his son Süleyman the Magnificent.
The invaluable MSS that are kept in the several numerous libraries of Istanbul have their own histories as well. Unfortunately, we do not have sufficient information about their origin. Despite a few pieces of research evaluating Istanbul libraries, the adventures which these books must have undergone are still unknown to us today.
As a result of the examinations carried out on MSS kept at Istanbul libraries, it can be affirmed that there was a great increase in the number of works copied during the 15th and 16th centuries (Özgüdenli and Erdoğan 2004, pp. 63-84). Most of these MSS were copied in the Iranian lands rather than in the Ottoman regions. Another important point is that a large number of MSS prepared for the private libraries of the Il-khanids (Rašid-al-Din Fażl-Allāh, Ḡāzān Khan), Āq Qoyunlus (Ḥasan Beg, Yaʿqub), Timurids (Šāhroḵ, Bāysonḡur, Ḥosayn Bayqarā, Uluḡ Beg) and Safavids (Esmāʿil I, Ṭahmāsb I, ʿAbbās I) ended up in the Istanbul libraries. There are also some manuscript collections kept in Istanbul libraries that had been originally prepared and created for local royalties in Persia. Many of these invaluable MSS might have been sent to the Ottoman Palace as gifts. However, this cannot be generalized and therefore it is not always easy to explain how MSS copied in some Persian or Central Asian city, such as Tabriz, Shiraz, Isfahan, Yazd, Herat or Bukhara, have made their way to the libraries of Istanbul. Their fascinating journey has not yet been studied extensively.
Determining the location where MSS were copied is rather difficult when no record of the copy is contained in the MSS themselves. The following figures indicate the origin of the Persian MSS, based on the research carried out in Istanbul libraries. From a total of 120 MSS, 73 (58%) were copied in areas that had been under Persian cultural domination (Persia, Afghanistan, Transoxiania, and India), 38 (30%) were copied in the Turkish-dominated areas of the Ottoman Empire (Anatolia and parts of the Balkans) and 14 (11%) in Arabic-speaking areas (Iraq, Syria and Arabian Peninsula; see Özgüdenli and Erdoğan 2004, p. 74). The following figures refer to the original location of the copy: Istanbul (16), Shiraz (12), Tabriz (7), Herat (6), Baghdad (5), Yazd (3), Isfahan (3), Bukhara (3), Shirvan (3) and Kerman (2).
In the Istanbul libraries, there are many MSS attributed to famous calligraphers, aside from illuminated MSS with miniatures. In this regard, we may mention the following: Solṭān-ʿAli Mašhadi (see Eqbāl, pp. 87-93), Moḥammad Qawām Širāzi (Bayāni, III, p. 815), Šāh- Maḥmud Nišāburi (Bayāni, I, pp. 295-96), Moḥammad Ḥosayn Tabrizi and ʿEmād Ḥasani (see Istanbul University Library, FY, nos. 480, 497, 504, 1425-27, 1437; Türk ve Islâm Eserleri Müzesi Library, no. 1913, 1940). There were also many Arabic MSS kept in Turkish libraries written and copied in the Iranian lands and within the Persian cultural setting (see Arabic majmuʿa copied in the Neẓāmiya Madrasa of Nishapur in 544/1149-50, and Kastamonu City General Library, no. 127).
The question is how these MSS, originally belonging to the Il-khanid, Āq Qoyunlu (qq.v.), Timurid, and Safavid dynasties, reached the Ottoman libraries. A significant number of the Persian MSS kept in Istanbul libraries was obtained over the course of several centuries during Ottoman military campaigns. As a result, a large manuscript collection was established in the Topkapı Palace. It consisted mainly of books obtained from newly conquered territories, in particular from Syria and Egypt, which had been conquered in the early 16th century, during the reign of Selim I. Other MSS were added to this from various private collections. The MSS that formerly belonged to the Mamluk sultan Qānṣawh II Ḡawri (r. 1501-17) and were subsequently kept at the Istanbul Libraries (Topkapı Palace Library Hazine, no. 1519; Süleymaniye Library, Reisülküttap, no. 402) may be cited as an example of such an addition by conquest. Moreover, several pieces of armour belonging to Āq Qoyunlu royalty, as well as some private written correspondence kept at the Topkapı Palace Museum, verify that valuable items were seized from the Qara Qoyunlus, Āq Qoyunlus, and Safavids by the Ottomans and delivered to the imperial capital Istanbul. Additionally, archival documents testify that in 1514, after the battle of Čālderān (q.v.) and the subsequent occupation of Tabriz by the Ottomans, most of the famous local artists were removed to Istanbul by the order of Selim I. It is most certain that a great number of invaluable MSS was also taken to Istanbul along with other items, as happened in the case of Syria and Egypt. There exists some evidence for this from two documents kept at the Istanbul libraries. The first one is a copy of Tāriḵ-e firuzšāhi by Ḥāji Moḥammad b. Ḥāji ʿAli Biḡāmi, by the hand of the well-known calligrapher Moḥammad Qawām Kāteb Širāzi, written for the private library of Shah Ṭahmāsb I (r. 1524-76; Aya Sofya, no. 3055;
Bibliography
Primary sources (MSS): Āstān-e Qods-e Rażawi Library, no. 7481 (Balʿami’s tr. of Ṭabari’s taʾriḵ rosol wa’l-molukBonyād-e Fahang-e Iran. Selsela-ye ʿaks-e nosḵahā-ye ḵaṭṭi 3, Tehran, 1966). Atıf Efendi Library, Eki, no. 1316. Cambridge University Library, Browne MS., V. 28(8) (microfilm in Tehran University Library, F. 850). Istanbul University Library, FY, no. 251, 497, 504, 480, 1243, 1425, 1426, 1427, 1437. Köprülü Library, no. 1241. Nuruosmaniye Library, no. 3173, 3207, 3267. Süleymaniye Library: Ãşir Efendi, no. 159; Aya Sofya, no. 69, 405, 1670, 2984, 3035, 3050, 3055, 3190, 3227, 3605; Damad İbrahim Paşa, no. 901; Fatih, no. 4281, 4518, 5178, 5426; Hekimōğlu Ali Paşa, no. 725; Ragıp Paşa, no. 670; Reisülküttap, no. 402. Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi Library: Hazine, no. 672, 1519, 1654; Revan, no. 1726. Tübingen, Ms. Or. Oct. 2556 (microfilm in Tehran University Library, F. 2862). Türk ve İslâm Eserleri Müzesi Library, no. 1913, 1923, 1940, 1954, 1964, 2041, 2042. Veliyeddin Efendi Library, no. 1630, 1819.
Catalogues: Askeri Müze yazma eserler kataloğu, Istanbul, 1998.
İsmail Bakar, Sadberk Hanım Müzesi yazma eserler kataloğu. Hüseyin Kocabaş koleksiyonu, Istanbul, 1997.
Nail Bayraktar, Atatürk Kitaplığı Osman Ergin yazma kitapları listesi, Istanbul, 1989.
Idem, Atatürk Kitaplığına yeni bağışlanan yazma kitapların alfabetik kataloğu I-II, Istanbul, 1991-94.
Idem, Atatürk Kitaplığı Osman Ergin yazmaları alfabetik kataloğu I-III, Istanbul, 1993-2001.
Idem, Atatürk Kitaplığı belediye yazmaları, Cevdet Paşa yazmaları ve Kur’ân-ı Kerimler alfabetik kataloğu, Istanbul, 1997.
Idem, Atatürk Kitaplığı Muallim Cevdet yazmaları alfabetik kataloğu, Istanbul, 1998.
Abdullah Ceylan, Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı Kütüphanesi el yazma eserler kataloğu I-II, Ankara, 1988-92.
M. Cunbur, D. Kaya, N. Ünver and H. Yılmaz, Türk Dil Kurumu Kütüphanesi yazma eserler kataloğu, Ankara, 1999.
Y. Dağlı et al., Yapı Kredi Sermet Çifter Araştırma Kütüphanesi yazmalar kataloğu, Istanbul, 2001.
Muammer Dizer, Kandilli Rasathanesi Kitaplığı yazma eserler kataloğu I, Istanbul, 1973.
Mehmet Eminoğlu, Koyunoğlu Müze ve Kütüphanesi yazma eserler kataloğu I, Konya, 1997.
Abdülbâkî Gölpınarlı, Mevlânâ Müzesi Kütüphanesi yazmaları kataloğu I-IV, Ankara, 1967-94.
Idem, Mevlânâ Müzesi müzelik yazma kitaplar kataloğu, Ankara, 2003.
Idem, Mevlânâ Müzesi Abdülbaki Gölpınarlı Kütüphanesi yazmalar kataloğu, Ankara, 2003.
Ali Rıza Karabulut, Kayseri Râşid Efendi Eski Eserler Kütüphanesindeki türkçe, farsça ve arapça yazmalar kataloğu I-II, 2nd ed., Kayseri, 1995.
Fehmi Edhem Karatay, Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi Kütüphanesi farsça yazmalar kataloğu, Istanbul, 1961.
Millî Kütüphane yazmalar kataloğu I-VI, Ankara, 1987-2001.
Mine Esiner Özen, Dr. Emel Esin Kütüphanesi kataloğu (yazmalar eserler), Istanbul, 1995.
Ramazan Şeşen, Cevat İzgi and Cemil Akpınar, Köprülü Kütüphanesi yazmalar kataloğu I-III, Istanbul, 1986.
Ramazan Şeşen, M. H. Altan and Cevat İzgi, Kıbrıs İslâm yazmaları kataloğu, Istanbul, 1995.
Rıfkı Seven, Kandilli Rasathanesi Kitaplığı yazma yapıtlar kataloğu II, Istanbul, 1977.
Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi Nuri Arlasez koleksiyonu yazmalar indeks kataloğu, Istanbul, 1991.
Tawfiq H. Sobḥāni, Fehrest-e nosḵahā-ye ḵaṭṭi-e fārsi-e ketāb-ḵāna-ye Maḡnisā, Tehran, 1987.
Idem, Fehrest-e nosḵahā-ye ḵaṭṭi-e fārsi-e ketāb-ḵāna-ye Bursa, Gilān University Publication, n. p., 1989.
Idem, and Ḥosām-al-Din Āqsu [Hüsamettin Aksu], Fehrest-e nosḵahā-ye ḵaṭṭi-e fārsi-e Dānešgāh-e Estānbul, Tehran, 1995.
Ali Yardım, İzmir Millî Kütüphanesi yazma eserler kataloğu(arapça-farsça yazmalar) I-IV, Izmir, 1992-97.
Türkiye yazmaları toplu kataloğu I, Ankara, 1979 (Anıtkabir, the Presidency of Republic, the Turkish National Assembly and Adıyaman Public Library: 286 MSS); II, Ankara, 1980 (Giresun, Ordu and Rize Public Libraries: 619 MSS); III (34/I), Ankara, 1981 (Süleymaniye Library, Ali Nihat Tarlan collection: 425 MSS); IV-VIII (07/I-V), Istanbul, 1982-84 (Antalya and its districts: Antalya City Museum, Alanya District Museum, Akseki Yeğen Mehmed Paşa Library, Elmalı District Public Library, and Tekeli District Public Library: 4,042 MSS); IX (34/II), Ankara, 1984 (Istanbul Bayezid State Library, Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Paşa collection: 467 MSS); X-XII (05/I-III), Ankara, 1985-86 (Adana Public Library and Museum: 2,592 MSS); XIII (34/III), Ankara, 1987 (Istanbul Süleymaniye Library, Amca-zâde Hüseyin Paşa and Chief Physician Musa Nazif Efendi collections: 630 MSS); XIV-XVIII (05/I-V), Istanbul, 1990-95, Ankara, 2002 (Amasya Beyazıt City Public Library: 4,184 MSS); XIX (34/IV), Ankara, 1994 (Istanbul Süleymaniye Library, Mustafa Ãşir Efendi Collection: 1,155 MSS); XX (03), Ankara, 1996 (Afyon Gedik Ahmed Paşa City Public Library, Afyon City Museum, and Dinar District Museum: 1,185 MSS); XXI (10), Ankara, 1997 (Balıkesir City Public Library, Dursunbey District Public Library, and Edremit District Public Library: 1,246 MSS); XXII (18), Ankara, 1998 (Çankırı City Public Library, Manuscripts Catalogue: 599 MSS); XXIII-XXIV (15/I-II), Ankara, 2000 (Burdur City Public Library Manuscripts Cata logue:1,687 MSS); XXV (32), Ankara, 1994 (Isparta City Manuscripts Catalogues: Halil Hamit Paşa Public Library, Uluborlu Alaaddin Keykubat District Public Library, Şa rkikaraağaç District Public Library, Sinirkent District Public Library, Aydoğmuş District Public Library: 1,629 MSS); XXVI, Ankara, 2003 (Eskişehir City Public Library: 1,128 MSS) (the numbers in parantheses, which follow the volume numbers, refer to the code of the respective city).
Selected catalogues and reviews of MSS. Hüsamettin Aksu, “İstanbul Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi’nde bulunan minyatürlü, resimli, şekilli, cedvelli, plân ve haritalı türkçe-arapça-farsça yazmalar,” İstanbul Üniversite edebiyat fakültesi [İÜEF] sanat tarihi yıllığı 13, 1988, pp. 19-62.
Ahmed Ateş, “Hicrî VI-VIII. (XII-XIV.) asırlarda Anadolu’da farsça eserler,” Türkiyat mecmuası 7-8, 1945, pp. 94-135.
Idem, “Burdur-Antalya ve havalisi kütüphanelerinde bulunan türkçe, arapça ve farsça bazı mühim eserler,”İÜEFTürk dili ve edebiyatı sergisi 2/3-4, 1948, pp. 171-91 (rev. by A. S. Erzi, Belleten 13/49, 1949, pp. 163-80).
Idem, “Kastamonu Genel Kitaplığında bulunan bazı mühim arapça ve farsça yazmalar,” Oriens 5/1, 1952, pp. 28-46.
Idem, “Konya kütüphanelerinde bulunan bazı mühim yazmalar,” Belleten 16/61, 1952, pp. 49-130.
Idem, “Anadolu kütüphanelerinden mühim yazma eserler (Amasya),” Tarih vesikaları 1/16, 1955, pp. 1-32.
Idem, “Anadolu kütüphanelerinden bazı mühim türkçe el yazmaları,” İÜEF Türk dili ve edebiyatı dergisi 8, 1958, pp. 90-108.
Idem, “al-Maḵṭuṭāt al-ʿArabiya fi maktabāt al-Anādul I: Maḵṭuṭāt men al-Maktabāt Maḡnisā al-ʿomumiya,” Revue de I’Institut des Manuscrits Arabes 4, 1958, pp. 1-42.
Idem, “Rašid-al-Din Vaṭvāṭ’ın eserlerinin bazı yazma nüshaları,” İÜEF tarih dergisi 10/14, 1959, pp. 1-24.
Idem, “Çorum ve Yozgat kütüphanelerinden bazı mühim arapça yazmalar,” İslâm ilimleri enstitüsü dergisi 1, 1959, pp. 47-78.
Idem, İstanbul kütüphanelerinde farsça manzum eserler I,(Üniversite ve Nuruosmaniye Kütüphaneleri), ed. Nihad M. Çetin, Istanbul, 1968.
Kemal Çığ, “Türk İslam Eserleri Müzesin’deki minyatürlü kitapların kataloğu,” Şarkiyat mecmuası 3, 1959, pp. 51-90.
Heribert W. Duda, “Die persischen Dichterhandschriften der Sammlung Esʿad Efendi zu Istanbul,” Der Islam 39, 1964, pp. 38-70.
Adnan Sadık Erzi, “Türkiye kütüphanelerinden notlar ve vesikalar I,” Belleten 14, no. 53, 1950, pp. 85-105.
Idem, “Türkiye kütüphanelerinden notlar ve vesikalar II,” Belleten 14, no. 56, 1950, pp. 595-647.
Paul Horn, “Persische Handschriften in Constantinopel,” ZDMG 54, 1900, pp. 275-332, 475-509.
İstanbul kütüphanelerinde Fatih hususî kütüphanesi ve Fatih çağı müelliflerine ait eserler, Istanbul, 1953.
Fehmi Edhem Karatay and Ivan Stchoukine, Les manuscrits orientaux illustrés de la bibliothèque de l’université de Stamboul, Paris, 1933.
Günay Kut and Nimet Bayraktar, Yazma eserlerde vakıf mühürleri, Ankara, 1984.
Fritz Meier, “Stambuler Handschriften dreier persischer Mystiker,” Der Islam 24, 1937, pp. 30-39.
Mojtabā Minovi, “Az ḵazāʾen-e Torkiya (I),” MDAT 4/2, 1956, pp. 42-75.
Idem, “Az ḵazāʾen-e Torkiya (II),” MDAT 4/3, 1956, pp. 51-89.
Idem, “Az ḵazā’en-e Torkiya (III),” MDAT 8/3, 1961, pp. 1-29.
Fatemeh Mohadjeri, “Ayasofya kütüphanesinde mevcut olan farsça manzum eserler,” Ph.D. diss., Istanbul University, Istanbul, 1973.
M. Önder, İ. Binark, and N. Sefercioğlu, Mevlânâ bibliyografyası II: Yazmalar, Ankara, 1974.
Jürgen Paul, “Anonyme arabische und persische inšā Handschriften aus den Sammlungen der Süleymaniye-Bibliothek (Istanbul),” ZDMG 144/2, 1994, pp. 301-29.
Hellmut Ritter, “Philologika, VII: Arabische und persische Schriften über die profane und die mystische Liebe,” Der Islam 21, 1933, pp. 84-109.
Idem, “Philologika, X: Fariduddin ‘Aṭṭār,” Der Islam 25, 1938, pp. 134-73.
Idem, “Philologika, XI: Maulānā Ğalāladdin Rumi und sein Kreis,” Der Islam 26, 1942, pp. 116-58, 221-49.
Idem, “Ayasofya kütüphanesinde tefsir ilmine ait arapça yazmalar,” Türkiyat mecmuası 7-8, 1945, pp. 1-93.
Idem, “Philologika, XIV: Fariduddin ‘Aṭṭār II,” Oriens 9, 1958, pp. 1-76.
Idem, “Die persischen Dichterhandschriften der Fatih-Bibliothek in Istanbul” (ed. Benedikt Reinert), Oriens 29-30, 1986, pp. 110-258.
Ramazan Şeşen, “Diyarbakır kütüphanesinde bulunan bazı yazmalar,” Ankara Üniversite Dil Tarih ve Coğrafya Fakultesi araştırma dergisi 4, 1968, pp. 193-227.
Idem, “İstanbul kütüphanelerinde tarih ve tercüme-i hale dair bilinmeyen bazı yazmalar,” İÜEF tarih dergisi 22, 1968, pp. 143-68.
Idem, “Türkiye kütüphanelerinde bulunan bazı mühim yazmalar,” İÜEF tarih dergisi 23, 1969, pp. 83-110.
Idem, “Türkiye kütüphanelerindeki tanıtılmamış bazı farsça yazmalar,” İslâm tetkikleri enstitüsü dergisi 8/1-4, 1984, pp. 5-70.
Fuat Sezgin, ed., Beiträge zur Erschliessung der arabischen Handschriften in Istanbul und Anatolien, 4 vols., Frankfurt am Main, 1986.
Towfiq H. Sobḥāni, Fehrest-e nosḵahā-ye ḵaṭṭi-e ketāb-ḵānahā-ye Torkiya, Tehran, 1994.
Felix Tauer, “Les manuscrits persans historiques des bibliothèques de Stamboul I: Histoire générale,” Archiv Orientální 3, 1931, pp. 87-118; “II: Histoire de Moḥammad, des ʿAlides et des Khalifas. Les Kiṣa ṣu-l-Anbiyā,” Archiv Orientální 3, 1931, pp. 303-26; “III: Histoire de l’Irān et de la Transoxiane,” Archiv Orientální 3, 1931, pp. 462-91; “IV: Histoire des états Turcs en Asie Mineure et de l’empire Ottoman,” Archiv Orientální 4, 1932, pp. 92-107.
Idem, “V: Histoire des Indes, index,” Archiv Orientální 4, 1932, pp. 193-207; summary tr. with intro. Iraj Afšār as “555 nosḵa-ye Fārsi-e tāriḵ dar ketāb-ḵānahā-ye Estānbul,” Nāma-ye Bahārestān 1/1, 2000, pp. 85-98; Turkish tr. O. G. Özgüdenli and A. Erdoğan as “İstanbul kütüphanelerinde bulunan farsça tarih yazmaları,” in Prof. Dr. RamazanŞeşen armağanı, Istanbul, forthcoming.
Zeki Velidî Togan, “Kayseri ve Bursaδdaki bazı yazmalar hakkında,” İÜEF tarih dergisi 1/1, 1949, pp. 67-76.
Idem, “Türkiye kütüphanelerindeki bazı yazmalar,” İslâm tetkikleri enstitüsü dergisi 2/1, 1957, pp. 59-88.
Cevdet Türkay, İstanbul kütüphanelerinde Osmanlılar devrine aid türkçe-arapça-farsça yazma ve basma coğrafya eserleri bibliyografyası, Istanbul, 1958.
Une liste des manuscrits choisis parmi les bibliothèques de Bursa, Istanbul, 1951.
Une liste des manuscrits choisis parmi les bibliothèques de Kayseri, Akşehir, Bor, Gülşehir, Nevşehir, Niğde, Ürgüp, Istanbul, 1951.
Idem, Une liste des manuscrits choisis parmi les bibliothèques de Konya, Istanbul, 1951.
Idem, Une liste des manuscrits choisis parmi les bibliothèques de Manisa, Akhisar, Istanbul, 1951.
The Saljuq and Ottoman Libraries. Mikâil Bayram, “Sadreddin Konevî kütüphanesi ve kitapları,” in Hasan Celâl Güzel, Kemal Çiçek, and Salim Koca, eds., Türkler VII, Ankara, 2002, pp. 585-89.
Nihad M. Çetin, “Mathnawī’nin Konya kütüphanelerindeki eski yazmaları,” Şarkiyat mecmuası 4, 1961, pp. 97-118.
Müjgân Cunbur, “Kütüphane vakfiyelerinden notlar,” Erdem 1/3, 1985, pp. 711-43.
İsmail E. Erünsal, “Fâtih devri kütüphaneleri ve Molla Lütfî hakkında birkaç not,” İÜEF tarih dergisi 33, 1982, pp. 57-78.
Idem, Kütüphanecilikle ilgili osmanlıca metin ve belgeler, 2 vols., Istanbul, 1982-90.
Idem, “Medieval Ottoman Libraries,” Erdem, 1/3, 1983, pp. 745-54.
Idem, “Şehid Ali Paşa’nın İstanbul’da Kurduğu kütüphane ve müsadere edilen kitapları,” İÜEF kütüphanecilik dergisi 1, 1987, pp. 79-87.
Idem, “959/1552 tarihli defter-i kütüb,” Erdem 4, no. 10, 1988, pp. 181-93.
Idem, Türk kütüphaneleri tarihi II: Kuruluştan Tanzimat’a kadar Osmanlı vakıf kütüphaneleri, Ankara, 1991.
Idem, “The Catalogue of Bāyezid II’s Palace Library,” İÜEF kütüphanecilik dergisi 3, 1992, pp. 55-66.
Idem, “Fatih Camii kütüphanesine ait en eski müstakil katalog,” Erdem 9, no. 26, 1996, pp. 659-64.
Idem, “The Development of Ottoman Libraries from the Conquest of Istanbul (1453) to the Emergence of the Independent Library,” Belleten 60, no. 227, 1996, pp. 93-125.
Idem, “The Golden Age of Ottoman Libraries (1730-1754),” İÜEF kütüphanecilik dergisi, belge bilgi kütüphane araştırmaları 4, 1998, pp. 19-29.
Idem, “A Brief Survey of the Development of Turkish Library Catalogues,” in ed. Irvin Cemil Schick, ed., M. Uğur Derman armağanı (altmışbeşinci yaşı münasebetiyle sunulmuş tebliğler), Istanbul, 2000, pp. 271-82.
Osman G. Özgüdenli, “Şeyh Safîu’d-dîn Erdebîlî’nin türbesinde bulunan kitaplar,” M. Ü.Türklük araştırmaları dergisi 10, 2001, pp. 43-56.
Idem, and Abdülkadir Erdoğan, “İstanbul kütüphanelerinde bulunan farsça tarih yazmaları hakkında bazı mülâhazalar,” Nâme-i aşina 15-16, 2004, pp. 63-84.
Süheyl Ünver, Fatih külliyesi ve zamanı ilim hayatı, Istanbul, 1946.
Idem, “Selçuklular zamanında kütüphaneler üzerine yeni örnekler ve bazı mülâhazalar,” in III. Türk tarih kongresi(Ankara 15-20 Kasım 1943): Kongreye sunulan tebliğler, Ankara, 1948, pp. 642-46.
Idem, “Artıklılar kütüphaneleri hakkında yeni tetkikler,” ibid., pp. 221-24.
Idem, “İkinci Selim’e kadar Osmanlı hükümdarlarının hususî kütüphaneleri hakkında,” in IV. Türk tarih kongresi(Ankara 10-14 Kasım 1948): kongreye sunulan tebliğler, Ankara, 1952, pp. 294-312.
Idem, “Anadolu Selçukluları zamanında umumî ve hususî kütüphaneler,” in Atatürk konferansları, 1964-1968, Ankara, 1970, pp. 3-27.
Murat Yüksel, “Kara Timurtaş-Oğlu Umur Bey’in Bursaδda vakfettiği kitaplar ve vakıf kayıtları,” Türk dünyasıaraştırmaları 31, 1984, pp. 134-47.
Manuscript libraries in Turkey: A) Bibligraphies: Irāj Afšār, Ketāb-šenāsi-e fehrest-e nosḵahā-ye ḵaṭṭi-e fārsi dar ketāb-ḵānahā-ye donyā, Tehran, 1958, pp. 23-40.
Nimet Bayraktar, “Yazma ve basma kütüphane fihristleri,” Türk dünyası araştırmaları dergisi 21, 1982, pp. 127-59.
Idem, Türkiye kütüphaneleri ve diğer bilgi işlem merkezleri, Ankara, 1989.
Idem, Türkiye yazma eser kütüphaneleri ve bu kütüphanelerde bulunan yazmalarla ilgili yayınlar bibliyografyası, Istanbul, 1995.
İsmet Binark, “Türkiye kütüphanelerindeki yazmalar hakkında yerli-yabancı kaynaklar bibliyografyası,” Türk kültürü araştırmaları 3-6, 1966-69, pp. 289-315.
Idem, “Türkiye kütüphanelerindeki yazmalar hakkında yerli-yabancı kaynaklar bibliyografyası -yeni ilâvelerle-,” Türk kütüphaneciler derneği bülteni 23/1, 1974, pp. 54-79.
B) Studies. Meral Alpay and Safiye Özkan, İstanbul kütüphaneleri, Istanbul, 1982.
Doğan Atılgan, “Yazma eserlerin bilgisayar ortamına aktarılması ve hizmete sunulması: DTCF kütüphanesi deneyimi,” in Prof. Dr. Necmeddin Sefercioğlu armağanı, Ankara, 2001, pp. 155-59.
Orhan Bilgin, “Turkey,” in Geoffrey Roper, ed., The World Survey of Islamic Manuscripts, 4 vols., London, 1991-94, III, pp. 271-400.
Müjgân Cunbur, “Yazma kütüphanelerimizin bugünkü durumları ve meseleleri,” Türk kütüphaneciler derneği bülteni 19/1, 1970, pp. 3-17.
Moḥammad-Taqi Dānešpažuh, “Ketāb-ḵānahā-ye Estānbul,” Nosḵahā-ye ḵaṭṭi 10, 1979, pp. 275-85.
Halit Dener, Süleymaniye umumî kütüphanesi, Ankara, 1957.
Idem, Türkiye kütüphaneleri rehberi/Répertoire des bibliothèques de Turquie, Ankara, 1957.
Muzaffer Gökman, Bayezit umumî kütüphanesi, Istanbul, 1956.
Idem, “Bayezit umumî kütüphanesi,” Türk kütüphaneciler derneği bülteni 5/2, 1956, pp. 148-66.
Idem, İstanbul kütüphaneleri ve yazma tıp kitapları, Istanbul, 1959.
Yaşar Karayalçın, Kütüphanelerimize umumî bir bakış, Ankara, 1952.
Günay Kut, “İstanbul’daki yazma kütüphaneleri,” İÜEF tarih dergisi 23, 1982, pp. 341-74.
Neriman Malkoç Öztürkmen, İstanbul ve Ankara kütüphaneleri, Ankara, 1957.
Sayyed Maḥmud Najafi-Marʿaši, “Ketāb-ḵāna wa nosḵahā-ye ḵaṭṭi-e kohan o nafis dar Torkiya,” in idem, ed., Ganjina-ye Šehāb III, Qom, 2002, pp. 347-407.
Ali Öngül, “Nuruosmaniye kütüphanesi,” Mamara Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi türklük araştırmaları dergisi 6, 1991, pp. 141-49.
İsmet Parmaksızoğlu, “Manisa kütüphaneleri,” Türk kütüphaneciler derneği bülteni 8/2, 1959, pp. 17-22.
R. Tûba Çavdar, “Bursa kütüphaneleri,” İÜEF kütüphanecilik dergisi 2, 1989, pp. 101-17.
Cataloging and TÜYATOK (Türkiye Yazmaları Toplu Kataloğu). Hatice Aynur, “Türkiye’de türkçe yazma eserlerin kataloglanması üzerine bir değerlendirme 1989-2002,” Journal of Turkish Studies/Türklük bilimi araştırmaları 26/1, 2002, pp. 37-52.
Elezear Birnbaum, “Turkish Manuscripts: Cataloguing Since 1960 and Manuscripts Still Uncatalogued. Part 5: Turkey and Cyprus,” JAOS 104/3, 1984, pp. 466-502.
Müjgân Cunbur, “Önsöz,” in Türkiye yazmaları toplu kataloğu I, Ankara, 1979, pp. viii-xiv.
Barbara Flemming, “The Union Catalogue of Manuscripts in Turkey: Türkiye Yazmaları Toplu Kataloğu (TÜYATOK),” Manuscripts of the Middle East 1, 1985, pp. 109-10.
Hasan S. Keseroğlu, “Türkiye’de katalog ve kataloglamanın tarihçesi,” İÜEF kütüphanecilik dergisi 1, 1987, pp. 163-78.
Turgut Kut, “Türkçe yazma eserler katalogları repertuvarı,” Türk dili araştırmalar yıllığı belleten 1972, 1973, pp. 183-240.
Ramazan Şeşen, “Türkiye’deki yazma koleksiyonları ve bunların kataloglarının neşredilmesi,” İÜEF tarih dergisiProf. Dr. Hakkı Dursun Yıldız hatıra sayısı 25, 1994, pp. 1-34.
Specialized studies. Şadi Aydın, “Farsça divan sahibi Osmanlı sultanları ve divânlarının nüshaları,” Nüsha, şarkiyat araştırmaları dergisi 2/6, 2002, pp. 45-56.
Mikâil Bayram, Anadolu’da kaleme alınan ilk farsça eser. Keşfu’l-ʿakabe, Konya, 1981.
Idem, “Selçuklular zamanında Malatya’da ilmî ve fikrî faaliyetler,” in I-II. Millî Selçuklu kültür ve medeniyeti semineri bildirileri (20-21 Mayıs 1991), Konya, 1993, pp. 119-24.
Idem, “Anadolu’da te’lif edilen ilk türkçe eser meselesi,” in V. Millî kültür ve medeniyeti semineri bildirileri (25-26 Nisan 1995), Konya, 1996, pp. 95-100.
ʿAbbās Eqbāl, “Qeblat-al-kottāb Solṭān-ʿAli Mašhadi,” MDAT 13/2, 1965, pp. 87-93.
Barbara Flemming, “Anadolu beylikleri,” in İA 12/2, pp. 280-86.
Güner İnal, “Şah İsmail devrinden bir Şehname ve sonraki etkileri,” İÜEF sanat tarihi yıllığı 5, 1973, pp. 497-529.
Ahmet Kartal, “Anadolu’da farsça şiir söyleyen Türk şairler (XI.-XVI. yüzyıllar),” in Hasan Celâl Güzel, Kemal Çiçek, and Salim Koca, eds., Türkler VII, Ankara, 2002, pp. 682-95.
Mecdud Mansuroğlu, “Anadolu metinleri, (XIII. Asır),” Türkiyat mecmuası 7-8, 1942, pp. 82-94.
Idem, “The Rise and Development of Written Turkish in Anatolia,” Oriens 7, 1954, pp. 250-64.
Hasibe Mazıoğlu, “Selçuklular devrinde Anadolu’da Türk edebiyatının başlaması ve türkçe yazan şairler,” in Malazgird armağanı, Ankara, 1972, pp. 297-316.
Osman G. Özgüdenli, “Tāriḵ-e Waṣṣāf be-ḵaṭṭ-e moʾallef o mohr-e ketāb-ḵāna-ye Rabʿ-e Rašidi,” Nāma-ye Bahārestān 7-8, 2004, pp. 63-72.
Mustafa Özkan, “Selçuklu ve Beylikler devrinde edebiyat,” in Hasan Celâl Güzel, Kemal Çiçek, and Salim Koca, eds., Türkler VII, Ankara, 2002, pp. 636-70.
Mustafa Özkan, “Selçuklu ve Beylikler devrinde Türk dili,” in Hasan Celâl Güzel, Kemal Çiçek, and Salim Koca, eds., Türkler VII, Ankara, 2002, pp. 593-608.
Mürsel Öztürk, “Selçuklu ara ştırmalarında farsçanın önemi,” in I. Uluslararası Selçuklu kültür ve medeniyeti kongresi ildirileri II, Konya, 2001, pp. 180-89.
Saime İnal Savi, “Anadolu’da farsça gramer çalışmaları,” in IV. Millî Selçuklu kültür ve medeniyeti semineri bildirileri, Konya, 1994, pp. 121-26.
General studies. Mahdi Bayāni, Aḥwāl o āṯār-e ḵošnevisān I: nastaʿliqnevisān, 2nd ed., Tehran, 1977; III, Tehran, 1348 Š./1969.
Najib Māyel Heravi, Tāriḵ-e nosḵapardāzi o taṣḥiḥ-e enteqādi-e nosḵahā-ye ḵaṭṭi, Tehran, 2002.
Rokn-al-Din Homāyun-farroḵ, Ketāb wa ketāb-ḵānahā-ye šāhanšāhi-e Irān II, az-ṣadr-e Eslām tā ʿaṣr-e konun, Tehran, 1968.
Ekmeleddin İhsanoğlu, et al., eds., Osmanlı astronomi literatürü tarihi/History of Astronomy Literature during the Ottoman Period, 2 vols., Istanbul, 1997.
Ekmeleddin İhsanoğlu, Ramazan Şeşen and Cevat İzgi, eds., Osmanlı matematik literatürü tarihi/History of Mathematical Literature during the Ottoman Period, 2 vols., Istanbul, 1999.
Ekmeleddin İhsanoğlu et al., eds., Osmanlı coğrafya literatürü tarihi/History of Geographical Literature during the Ottoman Period, 2 vols., Istanbul, 2000.
Ekmeleddin İhsanoğlu, et al., eds., Osmanlı mûsikî literatürü tarihi/History of Music Literature during the Ottoman Period, Istanbul, 2003.
Ekmeleddin İhsanoğlu, ed., Osmanlı askerlik literatürü tarihi/History of Military Art and Science Literature during the Ottoman Period, 2 vols., Istanbul, 2004.
M. Fuad Köprülü, “Anadolu Selçukluları tarihinin yerli kaynakları,”Belleten 7, no. 27, 1943, pp. 379-521.
Adnan Karaismailoğlu, Klâsik dönem Türk şiiri incelemeleri, Ankara, 2001.
Elhāma Meftāḥ and Wahhāb Wali, Negāhi be-ravand-e nofuḏ wa gostareš-e zabān wa adab-e fārsi dar Torkiya, Tehran, 1995.
Aḥmad Monzawi, Fehrest-e nosḵahā-ye ḵaṭṭi-e fārsi, 8 vols., Tehran, 1969-74.
Idem, Fehrestvāra-ye ketābhā-ye fārsi, 6 vols., Tehran, 1996-2003.
Nâdir kitap örnekleri sergisi: Unesco toplantısı dolayısıyla (15-22 Haziran 1963), Istanbul, 1966.
Moḥammad Amin Riāḥi, Zabān wa adab-e fārsi dar qalamrow-e ʿOṯmāni, tr. Mehmet Kanar as Osmanlı topraklarında fars dili ve edebiyatı, Istanbul, 1995.
Ramazan Şeşen, Cemil Akpınar, and Cevad İzgi, eds., Türkiye kütüphaneleri İslâmî tıb yazmaları (arapça, türkçe, farsça) kataloğu/Catalogue of Islamic Medical Manuscripts (in Arabic, Turkish & Persian) in the Libraries of Turkey, Istanbul, 1984.
Charles A. Storey, Persian Literature, 2 vols., London, 1927-39; tr. Yu. E. Bregel as Persidskaya literatura: Bio-bibliograficheskiĭ obzor, 3 vols., Moscow, 1972; Persian tr. Yaḥyā Ārinpur, S. Izadi, and K. Kešāvarz as Adabiyāt-e @fārsi, bar-mabnā-ye taʾlif-e Estori, tarjama-ye Y. Bregel, ed. Aḥmad Monzawi, 2 vols., Tehran, 1983.
Türk cilt sanatı sergisi (25 Kasım-1 Aralık 1968), Süleymaniye kütüphanesi koleksiyonlarından seçilmiş yazma eserler, Ankara, 1968.
Taḥsin Yāziji [Tahsin Yazıcı], Pārsinevisān-e Āsiā-ye Ṣaḡir, Tehran 1992.