Table of Contents
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CUNEIFORM SCRIPT
Rüdiger Schmitt
the conventional name for a system of writing ultimately derived from the pictographic script developed by the Sumerians in southern Mesopotamia (Uruk) around 3000 B.C.E. Cuneiform was written with a reed stylus, which left wedge-shaped impressions on soft clay tablets.
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ČŪPA
Cross-Reference
See DANCE.
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ČŪPĀN
Jean-Pierre Digard
or čōbān “shepherd” (Mid. Pers. and NPers. šobān); even today the shepherd remains a central figure, in both the technological life and consequently the symbolic life, of all systems of animal husbandry.
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ČUPĀNĪĀN
Cross-Reference
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CUPBEARER
James R. Russel
one who fills and distributes cups of wine, as in a royal household.
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CUPPING
Cross-Reference
See BLOODLETTING.
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CURTIUS RUFUS, QUINTUS
Philip Huyse
(probably fl. 1st century CE), author of the only extant Latin monograph on Alexander the Great, usually called Historiae Alexandri Magni, in many respects the most complete and liveliest account of Alexander’s exploits in Asia.
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CURZON, GEORGE NATHANIEL
Denis Wright
(1859-1925), 1st Marquess of Kedleston, British statesman, traveler, and writer.
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CUSTOMS DUTIES
Willem Floor
a tax levied on the movement of trade. A new law ensuring Persian autonomy in establishing tariffs (ḥoqūq-e gomrokī) was enacted on 1 May 1928; it provided for an ad valorem tariff on most goods, with special rates for certain luxuries like gold, silver, and tobacco.
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CUT PAPER
Barbara Schmitz
(qeṭʿa “decoupage,” also monabbat-kārī “filigree work”), a type of applied ornament documented in Persian manuscripts and sometimes on bookbindings from the approximate period 895-1060/1490-1650.
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