E ENTRIES: CAPTIONS OF ILLUSTRATIONS
online entry |
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Plate LX.* Pallas’s fish eagle. |
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EAGLES i. |
Plate LXI.* The short-toed eagle. |
EAGLES i. |
Plate LXII.* The spotted eagle. |
EAGLES i. |
Plate LXIII.* The booted eagle. |
EAGLES i. |
Plate LXIV.* Bonelli’s eagle. |
Figure 31. Seismic map of Persia and Afghanistan. Main map: seismicity in Persia and Afghanistan. (1) Areas affected by historical destructive earthquakes (tentative). (2) Major destructive earthquakes. (3) Main transform faults (the arrows indicate their directions). (4) Thrust surfaces. Inset: distribution of free-standing structures built in Persia before the 16th century. (5) Existent structures. (6) Ruined structures. |
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EARTHQUAKES iv. The historical record of earthquakes in Persia |
Figure 32. Seismicity of Persia. (By the author) |
EAST AFRICA i.Economic, political, and cultural relations through 1900 |
Plate LXV.* Meḥrāb of mosque at Kizimkazi, Dimbari, Zanzibar, dated 500/1107, with a Kufic inscription very similar to those found in Sīrāf and Shiraz. (Courtesy of M. Horton.) |
PLATE LXVI.* Aḥmad ʿEbādī plays the setār, Tehran. Photograph Faḵr-al-Dīn Faḵr-al-Dīnī, courtesy of M. Kasheff. |
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Figure 1. P. Bedjan, ed., Ktaba d-maktbanut zabne = Gregorii Barhebraei chronicon syriacum; e codd. mss. emendatum ac punctis vocalibus adnotationibusque locupletatum / d-sim l-Mar Grigorios bar ʻEbraya, Paris, 1890. |
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Figure 1. Viscera and venous system: full-size figure from the Tašrīḥ-e mansūrī, pen, ink, and watercolor on paper, anonymous, n.d. Wellcome MS Per. 612, n.d. (Courtesy of the Wellcome Institute Library, London) |
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EBN ELYĀS, MANṢŪR |
Figure 2. Musculature: full-size figure from the Tašrīḥ-e mansūrī, pen, ink, and watercolor on paper, anonymous, n.d. Wellcome MS Per. 612, n.d. (Courtesy of the Wellcome Institute Library, London) |
EBN ELYĀS, MANṢŪR |
Figure 3. Skeleton: full-size figure from the Tašrīḥ-e mansūrī, pen, ink, and watercolor on paper, anonymous, n.d. Wellcome MS Per. 612, n.d. (Courtesy of the Wellcome Institute Library, London) |
EBN ELYĀS, MANṢŪR |
Figure 4. Nervous system: full-size figure from the Tašrīḥ-e mansūrī, pen, ink, and watercolor on paper, anonymous, n.d. Wellcome MS Per. 612, n.d. (Courtesy of the Wellcome Institute Library, London) |
Figure 1. Areas of water surplus in Persia (in mm). After Carter, Thornthwhite, and Mather. |
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ECOLOGY |
Figure 2. Agriculture and natural resources in the Middle East. After Pabot. |
Figure 1. Edessa, in detail of map of the Parthian empire at its greatest extent, in George Rawlinson, The Seven Great Monarchies Of The Ancient Eastern World, Vol 6.: Parthia, New York, 1885. |
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Figure 1. Drawing of C. J. Edmonds |
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Plate I. Staff and students of the Ḵorrāmābād tribal boarding facility, 1929. |
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Figure 1. Classroom in a Kulab school, where Tajik is the medium of instruction, March 2007. (Courtesy of Maryam Borjian) |
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EDUCATION xxviii. IN TAJIKISTAN |
Figure 2. Classroom in Yuri Gagarin School in Dushanbe, where Russian is the medium of instruction, March 2007. (Courtesy of Maryam Borjian) |
Figure 1. W. Dittenberger, Orientis Graeci Inscriptiones Selectae I, Leipzig, 1903, no. 54. |
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Figure 1. B. T. A. Evetts, ed. and tr., The Churches and Monasteries of Egypt and Some Neighbouring Countries, Attributed to Abū Ṣāliḥ, the Armenian, Oxford, 1895. |
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EGYPT vi. Artistic relations with Persia in the Islamic period |
Plate I. Cairo, Mosque of al-Nāṣer Muḥammad on the Citadel (1318-35), top of northwest minaret showing tile decoration. Courtesy of Jonathan M. Bloom. |
EGYPT vi. Artistic relations ... |
Plate II. Cairo, “Solṭānīya” complex, eastern mausoleum, ca. 1350, showing bulbous ribbed dome, band of square Kufic on the drum, and floral arabesques between the windows. Courtesy of Jonathan M. Bloom. |
EGYPT vi. Artistic relations ... |
Plate III. The Koran of Baybars Jowšangīr, folio 2r from ms. Add. 22411. By permission of The British Library. |
EGYPT vii. Political and religious relations with Persia in the modern period |
Figure 1. Photograph of Khedive Esmāʿīl (A. B. de Guerville, New Egypt, London, 1905, p. 95). |
EGYPT vii. Political and religious relations ... |
Figure 2. Photograph of Khedive Tawfīq (A. B. de Guerville, New Egypt, London, 1905, p. 105). |
Plate I. Eḥtešām-al-Salṭana. |
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Plate I. Wilhelm Eilers. |
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Figure 1. Map of Elam ca. 2000 BCE. |
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ELAM ii. The archeology of Elam |
Figure 1. Major settlements in Elam and adjacent areas, ca 3000-2000 B.C.E. |
ELAM ii. The archeology of Elam |
Figure 2. Major settlements in Elam and adjacent areas, ca 2000-640 B.C.E. |
ELAM ii. The archeology of Elam |
Figure 3. Plan of the Middle Elamite building at Anshan (Tal-e Malyān). after Carter, 1996, fig.6. |
ELAM ii. The archeology of Elam |
Plate I. Undeciphered Proto-Elamite tablet, Malyan, no. M-1000. Photograph courtesy of William M. Sumner. |
ELAM ii. The archeology of Elam |
Plate II. Aerial view of Susa showing the Acropole, foreground the Apadana, and background part of the Ville Royal. Photograph courtesy of William M. Sumner. |
ELAM ii. The archeology of Elam |
Plate III. Wall painting, Malyan, operation ABC, Level III, Proto-Elamite period. Photograph courtesy of William M. Sumner. |
ELAM ii. The archeology of Elam |
Plate IV. Kaftari painted pot, Malyan, Operation H5, no. M.1437; height 53.4 cm. Photograph courtesy of William M. Sumner. |
ELAM ii. The archeology of Elam |
Plate V. Painted clay head from Haft Tepe, Middle Elamite I; height 28 cm. Photograph courtesy of Ezat O. Negahban |
ELAM ii. The archeology of Elam |
Plate VI. Middle Elamite tablet, Malyan, no. Mf.B64, length 6.8 cm, width 4.4 cm, thickness 2.1 cm. Photograph courtesy of William M. Sumner. |
ELAM ii. The archeology of Elam |
Plate VII. Bronze model known as “sit šamši, Susa,” Middle Elamite II-III, Musée du Louvre, Paris, no.sb 2743 60x40 cm. |
Figure 1. Proto-Elamite administrative account of four sheep herds. (Scheil, 1905, no. 212; scale 1:2). |
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ELAM iii. Proto-Elamite |
Figure 2. A proto-Elamite account of cereal rations for labor gangs of two supervisors (Scheil, 1905 no. 4997; scale 1:2). |
ELAM iii. Proto-Elamite |
Figure 3. Complex rotation of the proto-Elamite account (Scheil, 1905, no. 4997). |
ELAM iii. Proto-Elamite |
Figure 4. Numerical sign systems attested in the proto-Elamite text corpus (Damerow and Englund, 1989, 18-30; the numbers located above the arrows indicate how many respective units were replaced by the next higher unit). In the capacity system, the basic sign (Symbol 2) (= “1” in the systems qualifying discrete units) may have represented ca. 25 liters of grain. |
ELAM iii. Proto-Elamite |
Symbol 1. |
ELAM iii. Proto-Elamite |
Symbol 2. |
ELAM iii. Proto-Elamite |
Symbol 3. |
ELAM iii. Proto-Elamite |
Symbol 4. |
ELAM iii. Proto-Elamite |
Symbol 5. |
ELAM iii. Proto-Elamite |
Symbol 6. |
ELAM iii. Proto-Elamite |
Symbol 7. |
Figure 1. Linear Elamite text A, from the “table au lion” (Sb 17) in the Musée du Louvre, Paris. It is written from right to left and from top to bottom. |
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ELAM iv. Linear Elamite |
Symbol 10. |
ELAM iv. Linear Elamite |
Symbol 8. |
ELAM iv. Linear Elamite |
Symbol 9. |
Figure 1. Opus chronologicum, ed. and tr. E. W. Brooks, Scriptores Syriacae, 3rd ser., VII, Paris, 1910. |
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Figure 1. Photograph of Ḥabib Elqāniān. |
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Figure 1. Photograph of Laurence Paul Elwell-Sutton. |
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Plate I. Page (folio 1 verso) from an album of moraqqaʿāt, signed by Mīr ʿEmād Ḥasanī. Text area 18.2 x 10.8 cm. Nasser D. Khalili Collection of Islamic Art, MS 609. Photograph courtesy of David Khalili. |
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Figure 1. Photograph of Karim Emami. Courtesy of the author. |
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Figure 1. Photograph of Sayyed Ḥasan Emāmī. |
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Figure 1. Photograph of Ronald Eric Emmerick. Courtesy of the author. |
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Plate 3a. Amulet box; gold with repoussé work and polychrome enamel, 2.9 x 4.9 cm; Persia, early 19th century. The Brooklyn Museum, no. 86.193, Gift of Mrs. Carl L. Selden, the Middle East Special Fund, and an anonymous donor in memory of Charles K. Wilkinson. Photograph courtesy of The Brooklyn Museum. |
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ENAMEL |
Plate I. Portrait of Nāder Shah; oil on canvas, 162 x 102 cm; Persia, second quarter of the 18th century. By courtesy of the Board of Trustees of the Victoria & Albert Museum, London, no. I.M. 20-1919. |
ENAMEL |
Plate II. Dagger sheath with busts and floral designs; gold with polychrome enamel, length 41.2 cm; Persia, mid-18th century. State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg, no. OP-194. After Ivanov, Lukonin, and Smesova, pl. 88. |
ENAMEL |
Plate IIIb. Qalīān top, by Moḥammad Kāẓem, ca. 1870-80, Gold with enamel painting, B. W. Robinson Collection. |
ENAMEL |
Plate IIIc. Base of a qalīān; gold with polychrome enamel, height 20.2 cm. Tehran, mid-19th century. State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg, no. V3-296. After Ivanov, Lukonin, and Smesova, pl. 114. |
ENAMEL |
Plate IV. Covered Bowl, saucer and spoon with astrological motifs, signed by Moḥammad Bāqer. Enameled gold, Persia, early 19th century. Made for Fatḥ-ʿAlī Shah. Bowl: H: 2 in.; W: 3 in. Saucer: D: 5 in. Spoon: L: 5 1/4 in. Photograph courtesy of L. Diba. |
Figure 1. Photograph of ʿAbd-Allāh Enteẓām. |
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ENTEẒĀM, ʿABD-ALLĀH and NAṢR-ALLĀH |
Figure 2. Photograph of Naṣr-Allāh Enteẓām. |
Plate I. Partially forested mountain slopes in eastern Gīlān province. Photograph courtesy of E. Firouz. |
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION i. In Persia |
Plate II. Erosion and degradation of forested slopes illustrated in Plate I. Photograph courtesy of E. Firouz. |
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION i. In Persia |
Plate III. Steppic type of range area after protection in eastern part of Golestān National Park in 1974. Photograph courtesy of E. Firouz. |
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION i. In Persia |
Plate IV. Moving sand dunes engulfing farming area of MesÂr village, south of the Dašt-e Kavīr. Photograph courtesy of E. Firouz. |
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION i. In Persia |
Plate V. Dama mesopotamica. Persian fallow deer in the Dašt-e Nāz National Park. Photograph courtesy of E. Firouz. |
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION i. In Persia |
Plate VI. Acynonix jubatus. Persian cheetah. Photograph courtesy of E. Firouz. |
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION i. In Persia |
Plate VII. Crocodylus palustris. Nahang or Persian marsh crocodile in the Bāhū Kalāt Protected Area in Baluchistan. Photograph courtesy of E. Firouz. |
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION i. In Persia |
PLATE VIII. Flamingos in Lake Urmia National Park. Photograph courtesy of E. Firouz. |
Figure 1. Trilingual Middle Persian-Greek-Parthian inscription of Ardašīr and Ohrmazd/Zeus at Naqš-e Rostam. |
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EPIGRAPHY i. Old Persian and Middle Iranian epigraphy |
Figure 2. Trilingual Middle Persian-Parthian-Greek inscription of Šāpūr at Naqš-e Rajab. |
Plate I. Simple Kufic engraved at Persepolis in 344/955-56. Photograph after Blair, 1992, p. 222, plate 11. |
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EPIGRAPHY iii. Arabic inscriptions in Persia |
Plate II. Detail of inscriptions on the stucco mehrāb dated 710/1310-11 in the winter hall of the mosque at Isfahan. Photograph courtesy of the Freer Gallery of Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., Herzfeld Archives, no. 2136. |
EPIGRAPHY iii. Arabic inscriptions in Persia |
Plate III. Detail of bordered Kufic inscription from the madrasa at Ḵargerd, ca. 465-70/107-12. Photograph courtesy of the Freer Gallery of Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., Herzfeld Archives, no. 2736. |
EPIGRAPHY iii. Arabic inscriptions in Persia |
Plate IV. Various scripts on an inlaid bronze pen-box; eastern Persia, 607/1210: human-headed nasḵ with good wishes around the base, and signature of the artist and date in ornithomomorphic Kufic above. Freer Gallery, 36.7. Photograph courtesy of Freer Gallery of Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. |
Plate VIII. Double cloth. 16th century. The Textile Museum, Washington, D. C. Photograph courtesy of the Textile Museum. |
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EPIGRAPHY iv. Safavid and later inscriptions |
Plate V. Isfahan. Hārūn-e welāyat. Tomb entrance. Photograph courtesy of S. Babaie. |
EPIGRAPHY iv. Safavid and later inscriptions |
Plate VI. Isfahan. Rokn-al-Molk Mosque. Entrance portal. Photograph courtesy of S. Babaie. |
EPIGRAPHY iv. Safavid and later inscriptions |
Plate VII. Isfahan. Masjed-e Ḥakīm. Meḥrab. Inscription signed by Moḥammad-Reżā Emāmī. Photograph courtesy of S. Babaie. |
Figure 1. Photograph of Epʿrem Khan. Photograph courtesy of A. Arkoun. |
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Figure 1. Photograph of ʿAbbās Eqbāl Āštīānī. |
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Figure 1. Photograph of Manūčehr Eqbāl. |
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Plate I. View of Erevan in 1796 by G. Sergeevich. Courtesy of Aram Arkoun. |
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Figure 1. Image of Ḥasan Erfān. (Source: Navisandagoni Tojikiston, Dushanbe, 1971, p. 105). |
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Figure 1. Adnan Sadik Erzi. Courtesy of the authors. |
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Figure 1. Photograph of Jaleh Esfahani. |
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Figure 1. Īraj Eskandarī. Photograph courtesy of H. Behzadi |
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Figure 1. Mohtaram Eskandarī. Photograph courtesy of Mehrangīz Dawlatšāhī. |
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Figure 1. Solaymān Mīrzā Eskandarī. Photograph courtesy of C. Chaqueri. |
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Figure 1. Example of a bījak dated 2 Rabīʿ II 1297/13 March 1880. After M. Nassiri and A-A. Jahanshahi, The History of the National Bank of Iran, n.p., n.d. |
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ESKENĀS |
Plate I. Unadopted design for face of 50 pahnabādī note of the Imperial Bank of Persia. Courtesy of A. Shargi. |
ESKENĀS |
Plate II. Design for reverse of the 50 pahnabādī note. Courtesy of A. Shargi. |
ESKENĀS |
Plate III. Photograph of Imperial Bank of Persia 20 šāhī note. Courtesy of A. Shargi. |
ESKENĀS |
Plate IV. Counterfeit two toman note. Courtesy of A. Shargi. |
ESKENĀS |
Plate IX. Example of first series of Bānk-e mellī one hundred rial notes with portrait of Reżā Shah. Courtesy of A. Shargi. |
ESKENĀS |
Plate V. Authentic three toman note of the type shown in Plate IV. Courtesy of A. Shargi. |
ESKENĀS |
Plate VI. One toman note printed by Waterlow and Son Ltd. Courtesy of A. Shargi. |
ESKENĀS |
Plate VII. Ten toman note printed by Waterlow and Son Ltd. Courtesy of A. Shargi. |
ESKENĀS |
Plate VIII. Fifty toman note printed by Bradbury, Wilkinson Co. Courtesy of A. Shargi. |
ESKENĀS |
Plate X. Redesigned Bānk-e mellī one hundred rial note with mention of gold parity. Courtesy of A. Shargi. |
ESKENĀS |
Plate XI. Specimen of ten thousand rial note (never circulated). Courtesy of A. Shargi. |
ESKENĀS |
Plate XII. Bānk-e mellī one thousand rial note in first series with portrait of Moḥammad-Reżā Shah. Courtesy of A. Shargi. |
ESKENĀS |
Plate XIII. One toman note (in Azeri Turkish) issued by Republic of Azerbayjan Courtesy of A. Shargi. |
ESKENĀS |
Plate XIV. Guaranteed check in amount of five thousand rials issued by Bānk-e mellī in lieu of bank note. Courtesy of A. Shargi. |
ESKENĀS |
Plate XV. Reverse of two hundred rial note with six-pointed star (withdrawn from circulation). Courtesy of A. Shargi. |
ESKENĀS |
Plate XVI. Central Bank post-Revolutionary one thousand rial note with portrait of shah and watermark overprinted. Courtesy of H. Azinfar. |
ESKENĀS |
Plate XVII. Redesigned Central Bank two hundred rial note showing shrine of Imam Reżā. After F. Faraḥbaḵš, Rahnamā-ye eskenāshā-ye Īrān, 2nd. ed., Tehran, 1363 Š./1984, p. 106. |
ESKENĀS |
Plate XVIII. Ten thousand rial note with portrait of Āyatallāh Ḵomeynī. Courtesy of H. Azinfar. |
Figure 1. The battle of Čalderān: wall painting by the 18th-century artist Ostād Ṣādeq Naqqāπ (Eser-e Ostad Sadiq Naqqash). It decorates one of the reception rooms in the Čehel Sotun Palace, Isfahan. (Printed by Bonyād-e Yādgarhā-ye Farhangi.) |
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Figure 1. Espahbod at his 50th Birthday. |
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ESPAHBOD, ALI-REZA |
Figure 2. Espahbod with Ahmad Shamlou, 1996, Tehran. |
ESPAHBOD, ALI-REZA |
Figure 3. Crop of Red Horn (Man-cow), 120 × 80 cm, oil on canvas, 1994. |
ESPAHBOD, ALI-REZA |
Figure 4. Crows, 120 × 80 cm, oil on canvas, 1975. |
ESPAHBOD, ALI-REZA |
Figure 5. My Deer, 125 × 125 cm, oil on canvas, 1995. |
ESPAHBOD, ALI-REZA |
Figure 6. Untitled, black and White drawing, 1989. |
Figure 1. Photograph of Moḥammad-Reżā ʿEšqī. |
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Plate I. Aerial view of Eṣṭaḵr. Oriental Institute aerial survey of Iran field negative AE-57. Courtesy of The Oriental Institute of The University of Chicago. |
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EṢṬAḴR i. History and archaeology |
Plate II. Aerial view of Naqš-e Rostam. Oriental Institute aerial survey of Iran field negative AE-278. Courtesy of The Oriental Institute of The University of Chicago. |
Figure 1. Watercolor of Āqā Khan Nūrī Eʿtemād-al-Dawla by Ṣanīʿ-al-Molk, British Library, Or. 4938, F11. By permission of the British Library. |
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Figure 1. Photograph of Parvīn Eʿteṣamī. Photograph courtesy of Heshmat Moayyad. |
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Figure 1. Photograph of Hermann Ethé (back row, left) with unidentified staff members of the university at Aberystwyth, Wales. After I. Morgan, ed., The College by the Sea, Aberystwyth, 1928. Courtesy of R. Brinkley, Hug h Owen Library, The University of Wales, Aberystwyth. |
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ETHÉ, CARL HERMANN |
Plate I. Cartoon of Hermann Ethé. After Ap Rhobert, The A berdons: Twelve Caricatures, Aberystwyth, 1912. Courtesy of R. Brinkley, Hugh Owen Library, University of Wales, Aberystwyth. |
Figure 1. Gold coin of King Kaleb/Ǝllā Eṣbəḥa of Aksum, the "Hellestheaeus" of Procopius. Obv.: bust of the king crowned, framed in wheatstalks; inscription: "King Kaleb"; rev.: bust of the king capped; inscription: "Son of Thezenas." (B.M. 1915,0108.80; W. Prideaux, “The Coins of the Axumite Dynasty," Numismatic Chronicle, ser. 3, vol. 4, 1884, pp. 205-19, Plate X, 12; for refs., see G. Fiaccadori, “Kaleb,” in Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: He-N, Wiesbaden, 2003, pp. 329-32). |
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Plate I. Girls returning to transhumant summer camp with firewood they have collected to use for milk processing. Towrān, Semnān. |
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ETHNOGRAPHY (text) |
Plate II. Men making ḥalīm (q.v.) for ʿĀšū;rā. Bāḡestān, Towrān, Semnān. |
ETHNOGRAPHY (text) |
Plate III. Workers restoring the domed mud roof of a village house. Gowdjū, Towrān, Semnān. |
ETHNOGRAPHY (text) |
Plate IV. Spinning goathair and saddle making. Towrān, Semnan. |
ETHNOGRAPHY (text) |
Plate V. Cleaning grapes for šīra (grape syrup). Towrān, Semn ān. |
ETHNOGRAPHY (text) |
Plate VI. Winnowing wheat. Towrān, Semnān. |
Plate I. The first issue of Eṭṭelāʿāt. Courtesy of M. Zarnegar. |
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Figure 1. Richard Ettinghausen. Photograph courtesy of Mrs. Ettinghausen. |
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Figure 1. P. Bedjan, Acta martyrum et sanctorum III, Paris and Leipzig, 1892, cover and p. 472. |
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Figure 1. Map of Central Asia showing archeological sites. |
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Figure 1. Archeological sites in Chinese Turkestan. |
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Figure 1. ʿAbd-al-Ṣamad Mīrzā ʿEzz-al-Dawla. After ʿAyn a-al-Salṭana, Rūz-nāma-ye ḵāṭerāt-e ʿAyn-al-Salṭana, ed. M. Sālūr and Ī. Afšār, Tehran, 1374 Š./1995. |
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Figure 1. ʿEzzat-al-Dawla. After B. Ātābāy, Fehrest-e& ālbomhā-ye Ketāb-ḵāna-ye salṭanatī, Tehran, 2537=1357 Š./1978, album no. 289, p. 16. |
*In the printed volume VII, this image is erroneously labeled with a plate number less by 10 than its true sequence number among the plates in the volume.
(Cross-Reference)
Originally Published: January 1, 2000
Last Updated: July 24, 2015