
HYENA
Hyaena hyaena (Linnaeus, 1758), Pers. kaftār. The striped hyena is the only current Asian representative of the mammalian family Hyaenidae. Principal threats to hyena populations today are vehicular traffic (since they scavenge road kills at night), wanton shooting, and secondary poisoning. The hyena is a protected species in Iran.

Bibliography
Simon K. Bearder, “The Hyena Family,” in David Macdonald, ed., The Encyclopedia of Mammals, New York, 1984, pp. 154-58.
A. Birula, “Contributions à la classification et à la distribution géographique des mammiferes. III. Carnivores, recuéillis dans la Perse par M. N. A. Zaroudny en 1896, 1898, 1900-1901, 1903-1904,” Annuaire du Musée Zoologique de l’Académie Imperiale des Sciences de St. Petersbourg 17,1912, pp. 219-80.
William T. Blanford, Eastern Persia, an Account of the Journeys of the Persian Boundary Commission 1870-71-72, London, 1876, II. Yoni Bouskila, “A closer look at the striped hyena,” Israel—Land and Nature 11, 1985, pp. 50-56.
E. R. C. Davidar, “Observations at a Hyaena hyaena (Linn.) den,” Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 87/3, 1990, pp. 445-47.
R. F. Ewer, The Carnivores, Ithaca, 1973.
John J. Flynn, “Carnivoran phylogeny and rates of evolution: morphological, taxic, and molecular,” in John L. Gittleman, ed., Carnivore Behavior, Ecology and Evolution, Ithaca and London. 1996, II, pp. 542-81.
M. W. Fox, “Ontogeny of a Social Display in Hyaena hyaena: Anal Protrusion,” Journal of Mammalogy 52, 1971, pp. 467-69.
Fred A. Harrington, A Guide to the Mammals of Iran, Tehran, 1977.
D. L. Harrison, The Mammals of Arabia, London,1968, II, pp. 193-381.
Robert T. Hatt, The Mammals of Iraq, Ann Arbor, 1959, pp. 1-113.
Liora Kolska Horwitz and Paul Goldberg, “A study of Pleistocene and Holocene hyaena coprolites,” Journal of Archaeological Science 16, 1989, pp. 71-94.
Idem and Julian Kerbis, “Hyena at Home,” Israel—Land and Nature 16/4, 1991, pp. 162-65.
Idem and Patricia Smith, “The effects of striped hyaena activity on human remains,” Journal of Archaeological Science 15, 1988, pp. 471-78.
F. Clark Howell and Germaine Petter, “The Pachycrocuta and Hyaena lineages (Plio-Pleistocene and extant species of the Hyaenidae). Their relationships with Miocene Ictitheres: Palhyaena and Hyaenictherium,” Geobios 13, 1980, pp. 579-623.
Robert M., Hunt Jr., “Biogeography of the Order Carnivora,” in John L. Gittleman, ed., Carnivore Behavior, Ecology and Evolution, Ithaca and London, 1996, II, pp. 485-541.
Giora Ilani, “Hyaenas in Israel,” Israel—Land and Nature, October 1975, pp. 10-18.
Julian C. Kerbis-Peterhans and Liora Kolska Horwitz, “A bone assemblage from a striped hyaena (Hyaena hyaena) den in the Negev Desert, Israel,” Israel Journal of Zoology 37, 1992, pp. 225-45.
Björn Kurtén, “The Carnivora of the Palestine caves,” Acta Zoologica Fennica 107, 1965, pp. 1-74.
Douglas M. Lay, “A study of the mammals of Iran resulting from the Street Expedition of 1962-63,” Fieldiana: Zoology 54, 1967, pp. 1-282.
V. S. Lukarevsky, “Feeding of the leopard (Panthera pardus), striped hyena (Hyaena hyaena) and wolf (Canis lupus) in the south-west Koppeh Dagh,” Zoologicheskiĭ Zhurnal 67/2, 1988, pp. 310-15 (in Russian).
D. W. Macdonald, “Observations on the behaviour and ecology of the striped hyaena (Hyaena hyaena) in Israel,” Israel Journal of Zoology 27, 1978, pp. 189-98.
Larry D. Martin, “Fossil history of the terrestrial Carnivora,” in John L. Gittleman, ed., Carnivore Behavior, Ecology and Evolution, 1989, I, pp. 536-68.
M. G. L. Mills, “Comparative behavioral ecology of hyenas,” in John L. Gittleman, ed., Carnivore Behavior, Ecology and Evolution, 1989, I, pp. 125-42.
Xavier Misonne, “Analyse zoogéographique des mammiferes de l’Iran,” Memoires d’Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelle de Belgique 59 (Deuxième série), 1959.
H. Monchot and M. Mashkour "Hyenas around the cities. The case of Kaftarkhoun (Kashan- Iran)," Journal of Taphonomy 8/1, 2010, pp.17-32.
Claus Naumann, and G. Nogge, “Die Grossäuger Afghanistans,” Zeitschrift Kölner Zoo 16, 1973, pp. 79-93.
Sergei Ivanovich Ognev, Mammals of Eastern Europe and Northern Asia, Jerusalem, 1962, II, pp. 1-590.
D. J. Osborn and I. Helmy, “The contemporary land mammals of Egypt (including Sinai),” Fieldiana: Zoology 5 (NS), 1980, pp. 1-579.
Ingo Rieger, “A review of the biology of striped hyaenas: Hyaena hyaena (Linné, 1758),” Säugetierkunde Mitteilungen 27/2, 1979a, pp. 81-95.
Idem, “Beobachtungen zur Aufzucht von Streifen hyänen: Hyaena hyaena,” Vierteljahrsschrift der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Zürich 124/3, 1979b, pp. 169-83.
Idem, “Hyaena hyaena,” Mammalian Species 150, 1981, pp. 1-5.
Anver K. Rustamov and Ovez Sopyev, “Vertebrates in the Red Data Book of Turkmenistan,” in Victor Fet and Khabibulla I. Atamuradov, eds., Biogeography and Ecology of Turkmenistan, Dordrecht, Boston, and London, 1994, pp. 205-30.
K. H. Satunin, “Die Saugetiere des Talyschgebietes und der Mughansteppe,” Mitteilungen Kaukasus Museum Tiblis 2, 1905, pp. 100-262 (Russian), 263-394 (German).
Idem, “Die Hyaenen Vorderasiens,” Mitteilungen Kaukasus Museum Tiblis 2, 1905, pp. 1-12 (Russian), 12-24 (German).
M. S. Siddiqi, “Checklist of mammals of Pakistan with particular reference to the mammalian collection in the British Museum (Natural History, London),” Biologia 7/2, 1961, pp. 93-225.
J. D. Skinner, S. Davis, and G. Ilani, “Bone collecting by striped hyaenas, Hyaena hyaena, in Israel,” Paleontologia Africana 23, 1980, pp. 99-104.
J. D. Skinner and G. Ilani, “The striped hyaena, Hyaena hyaena, of the Judean and Negev deserts and a comparison with the brown hyaena H. brunnea,” Israel Journal of Zoology 28, 1979, pp. 229-32.
R. J. Van Aarde, J. D. Skinner, M. H. Knight, and D. C. Skinner, “Range use by a striped hyaena (Hyaena hyaena) in the Negev desert,” Journal of the Zoological Society 216, 1988, pp. 575-77.
Robert K. Wayne, Raoul E. Benveniste, Dianne N. Janczewski, and Stephen J. O’Brien, “Molecular and biochemical evolution of the carnivora,” in John L. Gittleman, ed., Carnivore Behavior, Ecology and Evolution, Ithaca and London, 1989, I, pp. 465-94.
L. Werdelin and N. Solounias, “The Hyaenidae: taxonomy, systematics and evolution,” Fossils and Strata 30, 1991, pp. 1-104.