GERMANY viii. German cultural influence in Persia
A lasting influence was mainly exercised on Persians who either attended a German school in Persia, had other personal contacts with Germans, studied in Germany, or worked there.
GERMANY
viii. GERMAN CULTURAL INFLUENCE IN PERSIA
German culture was and is very highly appreciated in Persia, but its influence on Persian culture is usually overrated. A lasting influence was mainly exercised on Persians who either attended a German school in Persia, had other personal contacts with Germans, studied in Germany, or worked there.
Schools and universities in Persia. During the early phases of the introduction of modern education in Persia, French was the only European language taught at Persian schools and, in certain cases, even the language used for lessons and examination. The Dār al-fonūn (q.v.) had Austrian professors, but their lectures were translated into French. In 1907, a cultural agreement between the German Empire and Persia led to the founding of the first German school in Tehran (Madrasa-ye ālmānī;
Bibliography
There exists no comprehensive study of German-Persian cultural relations. Politics and economics occupy the center of attention in both Persian and German publications about German-Persian relations. Cultural aspects of these relations are only marginally discussed, if at all. R. Āḏarī Šahreżāʾī, Dowlat-e Īrān wa motaḵaṣṣeṣān-e ālmānī (1310-1319), Tehran, 1374 Š./1995.
B. Alavi, Geschichte und Entwicklung der modernen persischen Literatur, Berlin, 1965.
H. Ansari, “Deutsch-iranische Beziehungen nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg,” Ph.D. diss., Munich, 1967.
B. ʿĀqelī, ed., Doktor Aḥmad Matīn-daftarī: ḵāṭerāt-e yak naḵost wazīr, Tehran, 1992.
M. Boroujerdi, Iranian Intellectuals and the West: The Tormented Triumph of Nativism, Syracuse, N. Y., 1996.
C. Catanzaro, “Zwischen Statussymbol und Allheilmittel für alle sozialen Übel: zur Rolle der Universität Teheran beim Aufbau der Nation,” Ph.D. diss., Bamberg, 1999.
I. Chehabi,”’In meinem Land gibt es keine Rose ’: Kulturelle Beziehungen zwischen Deutschland und Iran,” Die Horen 123, 1981, pp. 149-52.
Deutsche Schule Teheran 62-64 (yearbook). M. Etteḥādīya, “Masāʾel wa kayfīyat-e goḏarān-e yak dānešjū-ye Īrānī dar Ālmān 1340-1348 h. q./1921-1930 m.,” in idem, Īnjā Ṭehrān ast … majmūʿa-ye maqalāt dar bāre-ye Ṭehrān 1269-1344 h. q., Tehran, 1377 Š./1998, pp. 421-42.
A. Gabriel, Die Erforschung Persiens, Vienna, 1952.
M. Moḵber-al-Salṭana Hedāyat, Ḵāṭerāt wa ḵaṭarāt, Tehran, 1329 Š./1950, pp. 72-74.
M. Kāmrān, ed., Dīdahā wa šanīdahā: ḵāṭerāt-e Mīrzā Abū’l-Qāsem Ḵān Kaḥḥālzāda, monšī-e sefārat-e emperātūrī-e Ālmān dar Īrān dar bāra-ye moškelāt-e Īrān dar jang-e bayn-al-melalī-e 1914-1918, Tehran, 1363 Š./1984, pp. 185-87.
H. Katouzian, Sadeq Hedayat: The Life and Literature of an Iranian Writer, London and New York, 1991.
J. Ḵomāmīzāda, “Āmūzeš-e ʿālī,” in Ketāb-e Gīlān, 3 vols., Tehran, 1374 Š./1995, III, pp. 519-35. N. Lārūdī, Asīrān, Tehran, 1332 Š./1953.
ʿA. Mahdawī, “Afsāna-ye etteḥād-e Reżā Šāh bā Ālmān-e hītlerī,” in idem, Ṣaḥnahā-ī az tārīḵ-e moʿāṣer-e Īrān, Tehran, 1377 Š./1998, pp. 261-80.
A. Mahrad, Die deutsch-persischen Beziehungen von 1918-1933, Frankfurt am Main, 1979.
M. Mīraḥmadī, Pažūheš-ī dar tārīḵ-e moʿāṣer-e Īrān: barḵord-e Šarq o Ḡarb dar Īrān (1900-1950), 2nd ed., Mašhad, 1368 Š./1989, pp. 91-93.
Idem, “Rawābeṭ-e Irān o Ālmān dar qarn-e nūzdahom-e mīlādī,” Majalla-ye taḥqīqāt-e tārīḵī 1/1, 1368 Š./1989, pp. 75-111.
T. Rahnema, “Die deutsche Literatur des 20. Jahrhunderts in Iran,” Die Horen 123, 1981, pp. 141-48.
Wezārat-e omūr-e ḵāreja, Edāre-ye sevvom-e sīāsī, ed., Kešvar-e jomhūrī-e federāl-e Ālmān, 1350 Š./1971, pp. 79-83.
M. Ẓahīr-nežād Eršādī, ed., Gozīda-ye asnād-e rawābeṭ-e Īrān o Ālmān, 3 vols., Tehran 1376-77 Š./1997-98, I, pp. xxxvii-xl and docs. 143-69; II, docs. 99-125; III, docs. 93-132.