AVICENNA vi. Psychology Like his metaphysics, Avicenna’s psychology or doctrine of the soul has an Aristotelian base with a strong…

AL-ASFĀR AL-ARBAʿA (The four journeys), or, more completely, al-Ḥekmat al-motaʿālīa fi’l-asfār al-ʿaqlīya al-arbaʿa (The sublime wisdom in the four rational…

ʿARAŻ, a term of philosophy meaning “accident.” In this article, chiefly the views of some major Iranian philosophers are discussed….

ʿALĪ QŪŠJĪ (QŪŠJŪ), ʿALĀʾ-AL-DĪN ʿALĪ MOḤAMMAD, theologian and scientist (d. 879/1474). His father was falconer (qūščī) for the Timurid prince…

AḴLĀQ “ethics” (plural form of ḵoloq “inborn character, moral character, moral virtue”). Although no ethical document has come down from…

ʿAQL, “intellect, intelligence, reason.” i. General. ii. In Persian Literature. i. General The term ʿaql is said by Arab philologists…

ABŪ ḤĀMED ṢADR-AL-DĪN MOḤAMMAD TORKA, scholar and author of the late 7th/13th and early 8th/14th centuries, the first in a…

ʿABD-AL-RAḤĪM DEHLAVĪ, late Mughal scholar and the father of Shah Valīallāh (q.v.; d. 1138/1726). Born about 1053-54/1643-44, ʿAbd-al-Raḥīm was the…