ARMY iii. Safavid Period 1. Under Shah Esmāʿīl and Ṭahmāsp (1501-76). After leaving his refuge at Lāhīǰān, Shah Esmāʿīl, the…

ČARKAS (Cherkes), term used in Persian, Arabic, and Turkic for the Circassian people of the northwest Caucasus who call themselves…

JAPAN viii. SAFAVID STUDIES IN JAPAN Among Japanese scholars interested in Iran, the ratio of historians who conduct research on…

ISFAHAN vii. SAFAVID PERIOD Isfahan came under Safavid rule in 1503 following Shah Esmāʿil’s defeat of Solṭān Morād, the Āq…

INDIA xxviii. IRANIAN IMMIGRANTS IN INDIA Although emigration from the Iranian plateau to the Indian subcontinent is not a phenomenon…