ʿALĪ-QOLĪ KHAN (d. 1240/1824-25), the youngest of nine sons of Moḥammad Ḥasan Khan Qāǰār and half brother of Āḡā (more…

ALLĀH-QOLĪ KHAN ĪLḴĀNĪ (sometimes Allāh-qolī Mīrzā), Qajar notable (ca. 1236-1309/1820-1892). Son of Mūsā Khan and grandson of Ḥosayn-qolī Khan, he…

ALLĀHYĀR KHAN QELĪČĪ (b. ca. 1150/1735-36), khan of the Qelīča, a minor Turkish tribe in northern Khorasan, and ruler of…

AMĪN-AL-DAWLA, ʿABDALLĀH KHAN ṢADR EṢFAHĀNĪ (1193-1263/1779-1847), chief revenue accountant (mostawfī-al-mamālek) and later prime minister (ṣadr) under Fatḥ-ʿAlī Shah (r. 1212-50/1797-1834)….

AMĪN(-E) LAŠKAR, MĪRZĀ QAHRAMĀN QOMŠAʾĪ EṢFAHĀNĪ (1244-1310/1828-92), a middle rank Qajar official during the rule of Nāṣer-al-dīn Shah. Born in…

AMĪN-AL-MOLK, MĪRZĀ ESMĀʿĪL (1284-1316/1867-98), a high-ranking official towards the end of Nāṣer-al-dīn Shah’s reign. Born in Tehran, he was the…

AMĪN-AL-SOLṬĀN, ĀQĀ (MOḤAMMAD) EBRĀHĪM (d. 1300/1882-83), influential court minister of Nāṣer-al-dīn Shah and father of ʿAlī-Aṣḡar Khan Amīn-al-solṭān. His father…

AMĪR(-E) NEẒĀM, the holder of the military and administrative office of emārat-e neẓām in the Qajar period. In the absence…

AMĪR(-E) NEẒĀM GARRŪSĪ, ḤASAN-ʿALĪ KHAN, known also as Sālār-e Laškar (1236-1317/1820-1900), officer, diplomat, statesman, and literary figure of the Qajar…

ĀQĀSĪ, ḤĀJJĪ MĪRZĀ ABBĀS ĪRAVĀNĪ (ca. 1198-1265/1783-1848), grand vizier of Moḥammad Shah Qāǰār (r. 1250-64/1834-48) between 1251-64/1835-48. Son of Moslem…

BĀQER KHAN SĀLĀR-e MELLĪ, one of the popular heroes of the Constitutional Revolution during the defense of Tabrīz in the…

ʿAZĪZ-AL-SOLṬĀN, ḠOLĀM-ʿALĪ KHAN (1297-1359/1879-1940) better known as Malījak(-e) Ṯānī [II], the boy favorite of Nāṣer-al-dīn Shah Qājār. He was the…

HISTORIOGRAPHY ix. PAHLAVI PERIOD Historiography of this period will be treated in two separate entries: (1) General survey of historical…

COURTS AND COURTIERS vii. In the Qajar period    The court (darbār, darbār-e aʿẓam, dar(b)-e ḵāna) in the Qajar period…

CONSTITUTIONAL REVOLUTION i. Intellectual background The establishment of a constitutional regime in Persia was the chief objective of the Revolution…

CENTRAL ASIA viii. Relations with Persia in the 19th Century The question of Central Asia in the 13th/19th century, from…

FATḤ-ʿALĪ SHAH QĀJĀR, the second ruler of the Qajar dynasty (b. Moḥarram 1183/May 1769; d. 19 Jomādā II 1250/ 24…

EʿTEŻĀD-AL-SALṬANA, ʿALĪQOLĪ MĪRZĀ, first minister of sciences (ʿolūm, meaning education) of the Qajar period and a scholar (b. 23 Rabīʿ…

EʿTEMĀD-AL-SALṬANA, MOḤAMMAD-ḤASAN KHAN MOQADDAM MARĀḠAʾĪ, also known by his earlier title, ṢANĪʿ-AL-DAWLA, Qajar statesman, scholar, and author (1259-1313/1843-96). Moḥammad-Ḥasan Khan…

EʿTEMĀD-AL-DAWLA, ĀQĀ KHAN (originally Naṣr-Allāh) NŪRĪ, MĪRZĀ (1222-81/1807-65; Figure 1), prime minister (ṣadr-e aʿẓam) of Persia under Nāṣer-al-Dīn Shah Qajar…

EBRĀHĪM KALĀNTAR ŠĪRĀZĪ, Ḥājī Mīrzā MOḤAMMAD Kalāntar and Eʿtemād-al-Dawla (b. 1158/1745, d. 1215/1800 or 1216/1801), lord mayor (kalāntar) of Shiraz…

DAWLATŠĀH, MOḤAMMAD-ʿALĪ MĪRZĀ (1203-37/1789-1821), eldest son of Fatḥ-ʿAlī Shah (1212-50/1797-1834) and powerful prince-governor of western provinces of Persia. He was born…

DAWLATĀBĀDĪ, SAYYED YAḤYĀ (b. Daw-latābād near Isfahan, 17 Rajab 1279/8 January 1863, d. Tehran, 4 Ābān 1318 Š./26 October 1939),…

JALĀL-AL-DIN MIRZĀ, Qajar historian and freethinker (b. 1242/1827; d. 1279/1872; Figure 5). Born at the court in Tehran, he was…

ISLAM IN IRAN 2. Messianism and Millenarianism in Islam With the rise of political Islamic movements in the latter half…

HISTORIOGRAPHY ix. PAHLAVI PERIOD (1) GENERAL SURVEY The historical studies of this period are primarily about documenting Iran’s national identity….

HISTORIOGRAPHY viii. QAJAR PERIOD In the century and a half that constituted the Qajar period (1786-1925), writing of history evolved…

HERAT vi. THE HERAT QUESTION From the middle of the 18th century, following Nāder Shah’s assassination in 1747, Herat became…

HAJJI BABA OF ISPAHAN, hero of The Adventures of Hajji Baba of Ispahan by James Justinian Morier (3 vols., London,…

GREAT BRITAIN ii. BRITISH INFLUENCE IN PERSIA IN THE 19TH CENTURY British imperial interests in Persia in the Qajar period…