ʿABBĀS, ḤĀJĪ, a signature found on a number of pieces of metalwork from Iran; three different individuals or workshops should probably…

ʿALAM VA ʿALĀMAT (Ar. ʿalāma), banner; more particularly, the banners carried in religious processions. For banners in the pre-Islamic period,…

ARMOR. In this article the following terms are used with specific definition: Lamellar armor—armor built up of small rectangular plates…

BRONZE ii. In Islamic Iran The most important copper-tin alloy used in Islamic Iran was a high-tin bronze with a…

BERENJ (Mid. Pets. brinǰ and bring) “brass,” an alloy of copper and zinc. i. General. ii. In the Islamic period….

GOLD. i. In pre-Islamic Persia. ii. In Islamic Persia.   I. IN PRE-ISLAMIC PERSIA The principal periods of gold production…