ʿABBĀS B. ʿALĪ B. ABŪ ṬĀLEB, a half brother of Imam Ḥosayn who fought bravely at the battle of Karbalā….

ʿADL-E MOẒAFFAR “Moẓaffar’s justice.” i. The phrase. ii. The newspaper.   i. The Phrase The phrase ʿadl-e Moẓaffar is connected…

ʿALAM VA ʿALĀMAT (Ar. ʿalāma), banner; more particularly, the banners carried in religious processions. For banners in the pre-Islamic period,…

ʿALĪ AKBAR, Imam Ḥosayn’s eldest son, killed at the age of 18, 19, or 25 at the battle of Karbalā…

ʿALĪ AṢḠAR (ʿABDALLĀH), Imam Ḥosayn’s youngest son, killed at Karbalā (10 Moḥarram 61/10 October 680). His mother was Rabāb bent…

AMĪN(-E) ḤAŻRAT, ĀQĀ MOḤAMMAD-ʿALĪ, the eldest son of Āqā Ebrāhīm Amīn-al-solṭān and the half-brother of Mīrzā ʿAlī-Aṣḡar Khan Amīn-al-solṭān. He…

AMĪN(-E) ḤOŻŪR (Trustee in Presence), an official title under Nāṣer-al-dīn Shah whose successive administrative reorganizations after 1858 led to a…

AMĪN(-E) LAŠKAR (Trustee of the Army), Qajar title held by Mīrzā ʿEnāyatallāh and Mīrzā Qahramān (see below) under Nāṣer-al-dīn Shah….

AMĪR(-E) LAŠKAR (pl. omarā-ye laškar), military rank equivalent to general granted during Reżā Khan’s rise to power. The titles amīr-e…

AMĪR(-E) TŪMĀN, commander of 10,000 men, a military rank originally used by the Il-khanids in the 7th/13th century (see Jovaynī,…

ANGLO-PERSIAN WAR (1856-57). Following their defeat in the Russo-Persian wars of 1219-28/1804-13 and 1242-44/1826-28, the Qajars, tried to compensate for…

ʿĀQ[Q]-E WĀLEDAYN, Ar.: “[the son] disobedient to [his] parents,” a theme in popular Shiʿite literature. ʿĀq (popular form of ʿāqq,…

ATĀBAK-E AʿẒAM, MĪRZĀ ʿALĪ-AṢḠAR KHAN AMĪN-AL-SOLṬĀN, grand vizier under the last three Qajar kings. The Qajar title Atābak-e Aʿẓam, reminiscent…

ʿAYN-AL-DAWLA, SOLṬĀN ʿABD-AL-MAJĪD MĪRZĀ ATĀBAK-E AʿẒAM (1261-1345/1845-1926) son of Solṭān Aḥmad Mīrzā ʿAżod-al-dawla, Fatḥ-ʿAlī Shah’s forty-eighth son and a prominent…

ʿAZĀDĀRĪ, to hold a commemoration of the dead, by extension, mourning, a word deriving from Arabic ʿazāʾ, which means commemorating…

ʿAZĪZ KHAN MOKRĪ, SARDĀR-E KOLL (1207-87/1792-1871), an army chief and dignitary of Qajar Iran who occupied high-ranking positions from early…

BAST (sanctuary, asylum), the designation of cer­tain sanctuaries in Iran that are considered inviolable and were often used by people…

ii. IN MYTH, FOLKLORE, AND POPULAR DEVOTION Although little historical information on Fāṭema is available, her importance in myth and…

KAZERUN ii. History  According to legend, Kazerun resulted from the merging of the three villages Nurd, Darist (Darbast, Daris), and…

KAZERUN i. Geography Covering an area of 4,062 sq. km, the sub-province (šahrestān) of Kazerun is bounded by the sub-provinces…

FEUVRIER, JEAN-BAPTISTE, called Joannès (b. Saulx, near Vesoul, Haute-Saône, France, 6 October 1842; d. Saulx, 29 November 1926; Figure 1),…

KERMANSHAH iv. HISTORY TO 1953 The town and province of Kermanshah (or Kermānšāhān) are located on the strategic travel route,…

EBN ZĪĀD, ʿOBAYD-ALLĀH (b. ca. 28/648), Omayyad governor responsible for the death of the Imam Ḥosayn b. ʿAlī. He was…

EBN SAʿD, ʿOMAR (k. Kūfa 66/686), commander of the Omayyad troops at Karbalāʾ. Son of the famous Arab general Saʿd…

ḎU’L-JANĀḤ, Imam Ḥosayn’s winged horse, known from popular literature and rituals. Ḏu’l-Janāḥ was mentioned in medieval narratives of Ḥosayn’s martyrdom…

ḎU’L-FAQĀR (lit., “provided with notches, grooves, vertebrae”), the “miraculous sword” of Imam ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭāleb, with two blades or…

DIEULAFOY, JANE HENRIETTE MAGRE (b. Toulouse, 29 June 1851, d. Château de Langlade, Haute-Garonne, 25 May 1916), French archeologist, explorer,…

CHODŹKO, ALEKSANDER BOREJKO  (b. 30 August 1804, in Krzywicze, Poland in the Russian Empire [the city is now in Belarus],…

BEREZIN, IL’YA NIKOLAEVICH (1818-96), Rus­sian orientalist known for his works on Iranian, Arabic, and Turkish philology and dialectology and on…

JAMKARĀN, a village near Qom, located 6 km south of it on the Qom-Kashan highway. It includes the mazraʿas of…

HUART, CLÉMENT (Marie-Clément Imbault-Huart, dit), French orientalist (b. 16 February 1854 in Paris, d. 30 December 1926 in Paris). He…

ḤOSAYNIYA-YE MOŠIR, a ḥosayniya (q.v.) building located near the Bahārband-e Mošir in the Sang-e Siāh quarter of Shiraz, which is…

ḤOSAYNIYA, buildings specifically designed to serve as venues for Moḥarram ceremonies commemorating the martyrdom of Ḥosayn b. ʿAli (q.v.), and…

ḤOSAYN B. ʿALI ii. IN POPULAR SHIʿISM Imam Ḥosayn’s revolt and tragic death at Karbalā in present-day Iraq (10 Moḥarram…

ḤORR-E RIĀḤI AL-ḤORR B. YAZID al-Riāḥi al-Yarbuʾi al-Tamimi, a leading tribesman in Kufa, who obeyed the orders of ʿObayd-Allāh b….

ḤEJLA, a bridal chamber (ḥejla-ye ʿarusi) built generally in the shape of a curtained canopy by a ḥejla-sāz (Dehḵodā, Loḡat-nāma,…

GOBINEAU, Joseph Arthur de, (b. Ville-d’Avray, near Paris, 14 July 1816; d. Turin, 13 October 1882), French man of letters,…

GARDANE MISSION (1807-09), a diplomatic and military project between France and Persia which represented Napoleon’s last attempt to realize his…

FRANCE ii. RELATIONS WITH PERSIA TO 1789 The Pre-Safavid period. In the early Middle Ages, Persia was perceived by the…

FRANCE. i. INTRODUCTION Compared to the long-standing history of Persian civilization, France emerged as a powerful entity endowed with its…

FLANDIN AND COSTE, a French painter and an architect renowned for their outstanding illustrated account of their travels in Persia…

MOḤAMMAD SHAH QĀJĀR, (b. Tabriz, 6 Ḏu’l-qaʿda 1222/5 January 1808; d. Tehran, 6 Šawwāl 1264/5 September 1848), the third ruler…