GIFT GIVING iv. In The Safavid Period The Frenchman Guillaume Olivier claimed at the turn of the 18th century that gift…

MOḴTAṢAR-E MOFID, a geographical compendium written under Shah Solaymān (q.v.; r. 1666-94). The Moḵtaṣar-e Mofid (hereafter cited as MM) was…

SHAH ṢAFI I, sixth Safavid ruler (r. 1038-52/1629-42; b. in 1020/1611; d. Monday, 12 Ṣafar 1052/12 May 1642). Background and succession.  Shah Ṣafi I,…

QOROQ, the Mongol term qorq or qoroq (also q ūroq, or qor ūq), refers to that which is restricted, ritually forbidden, taboo. In practice, this denoted royal burial sites, forbidden…

KERMAN vii. HISTORY IN THE SAFAVID PERIOD For the history of the town and region of Kerman during the Safavid…

ŠAYḴ-ʿALI KHAN ZANGANA, grand vizier for twenty years (1079-1100/1669-89) under Shah Solaymān I Ṣafawi (r. 1075-105/1666-94). Šayḵ-ʿAli Khan was born…

SOLAYMĀN I, SHAH (b. early 1057/February or March 1648; d. 6 Ḏu’l-ḥejja, 1105/29 July 1694), the eighth king of the…

SOLAYMĀN I, SHAH (b. early 1057/February or March 1648; d. 6 Ḏu’l-ḥejja, 1105/29 July 1694), the eighth king of the…

SOLṬĀN ḤOSAYN, the ninth and last Safavid king (1078-105/1668-1727; r. 1105-35/1694-1722). Solṭān Ḥosayn, the eldest son of Shah Solaymān I…

KERMAN vii. In the Safavid Period For the history of the town and region of Kerman during the Safavid period…

ʿABBĀS II, Shah, seventh Safavid king, son of Shah Ṣafi I (r. 15 Ṣafar 1052-25 Rabiʿ I 1077/15 May 1642-25…

KANDAHAR iv. From The Mongol Invasion Through the Safavid Era In 1221 Kandahar was besieged by a Mongol (Tātār) contingent,…

SAFAVID DYNASTY (continued) Annotated Bibliography: This bibliography includes the major sources and studies for the Safavid period but focuses on…

FIREARMS in Persia. This article surveys the history and production of various firearms and artillery in Persia from their introduction…

FARHĀD KHAN QARAMĀNLŪ, ROKN-AL-SALṬANA, military commander of Shah ʿAbbās I (q.v.), executed at the Shah’s orders in 1007/1598. He was…

FABRITIUS, LUDVIG (LODEWYCK), Swedish envoy to the Safavid court (b. 1648 in Brazil, of Dutch parentage; d. 1729 in Stockholm)….

EUROPE, PERSIAN IMAGE OF. To Persians, as to other Muslim peoples, Europe was long synonymous with Christendom and was thus…

EḴWĀN AL-MOSLEMĪN, JAMʿĪYAT AL- (Society of Muslim bretheren), the first modern religio-political movement in the Islamic world, founded in 1928…

JESUITS IN SAFAVID PERSIA. The Fathers of the Society of Jesus were the first European missionaries to enter the Persian…

JĀNI BEG KHAN BIGDELI ŠĀMLU (or JĀNI BEYG; d. 26 Šaʿbān 1055/15 October 1645), išik-āqāsi-bāši (master of ceremony) and qurči-bāši…

ISFAHAN vii. SAFAVID PERIOD Isfahan came under Safavid rule in 1503 following Shah Esmāʿil’s defeat of Solṭān Morād, the Āq…

IRAQ iv. RELATIONS IN THE SAFAVID PERIOD Introduction. Iraq, or ʿErāq-e ʿArab, as it is called in the Persian sources,…

ḤĀJEB ii.IN THE SAFAVID AND QAJAR PERIODS In the Safavid period the ḥājeb, the major domo or master of ceremony,…

ḤĀJEB, an administrative and then military office in the pre-modern Iranian world. i. In the Medieval Islamic Period. ii. In…

GURDZIECKI, BOGDAN (known in Persia as Bohtam Beg), Polish envoy of Georgian-Armenian origin and first permanent Polish resident in Safavid…

GOUVEA, ANTONIO DE (b. Beja, Portugal, 1575; d. Manzanares, Spain, 1628), Augustinian missionary and Portuguese envoy who visited Persia three…

GORGIN KHAN (also known as Giorgio XI and Šāhnavāz Khan II), Georgian prince (d. 1709), who was alternately ruler of…

GEORGIA vii. GEORGIANS IN THE SAFAVID ADMINISTRATION Safavid interaction with Georgia and its inhabitants dates from the inception of the…

KORK, soft wool, also called Kermān wool. Goat’s wool from Kermān has long been known as a valuable product for…

ḴALIFA SOLṬĀN (Solṭān-al-ʿOlamāʾ, b. Isfahan, 1001/1592-93, d. Māzandarān, March 1654), grand vizier under Shah ʿAbbās I (r. 1588-1629) and then…

SAFAVID DYNASTY. Originating from a mystical order at the turn of the 14th century, the Safavids ruled Persia from 1501…