HUZWĀREŠ, a term describing the use of Semitic word masks in Middle Persian texts, written in the official orthography of…

SALEMANN, Carl Hermann (in Russian: Zaleman, Karl Germanovitsh), a leading Iranist scholar of his time, specializing in Middle and early…

IRAN ix, continued ix(1.2). Manicheism Called after the founding prophet MANI (216-74 or 277), Manicheism was a syncretistic religion that,…

MANICHEAN SCRIPT, a right-to-left Semitic script, used mainly to write Middle Iranian languages and Uighur (Old Turkish). It is closely…

MÜLLER, Friedrich W. K. (b. January 21, 1863 in Neudamm, present day Debno in Poland; d. April 18, 1930 in…

MACKENZIE, DAVID NEIL (b. 8 April 1926, London- d. 13 October 2001, Bangor, Wales), distinguished British scholar of Middle and…