KANDAHAR (قندهار, Qandahār), city in southern Afghanistan (lat 31°36′28″ N, long 65°42′19″ E), the second most important in the country and the capital of Kandahar province.

i. Historical geography to 1979.

ii. Pre-Islamic monuments and remains.

iii. Early Islamic period.

iv. From the Mongol invasion through the Safavid era.

v. In the 19th century.

vi. 20th century, 1901-73.

vii. From 1973 to the present.