Search Results for “kashan”
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KASHAN
Multiple Authors
historical city and a sub-province of the province of Isfahan on the north-south axial route of central Iran.
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KASHAN ix. THE MEDIAN DIALECTS OF KASHAN (2) URBAN JEWISH DIALECT
Habib Borjian
Kashan may be characterized as exclusively Persian speaking and Muslim from the time when the city was abandoned by its Jewry, who spoke a variety of Central dialects.
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KASHAN vii. KASHAN WARE
Margaret S. Graves
Kashan, with its high-quality ceramic production in the medieval period, appears to have been a major site for the manufacture of fine wares between the 1170s and 1220s as well as later 13th and early 14th centuries.
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KASHAN i. GEOGRAPHY
Habibollah Zanjani and EIr.
Kashan is poor in flora and fauna. The most typical plants are bushes and shrubs spreading over the steppes, but the landscape becomes richer with increased elevation; Characteristic trees are pine, cypress, black poplar, elm, and ash.
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KASHAN iv. POPULATION
Habibollah Zanjani
In line with the general trends in Iran’s demography, the urban population in Kashan has continued to increase, while the rural population has steadily decreased. Such trends have been more significantly felt in Kashan Sub-province than the rest of the country.
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KASHAN v. ARCHITECTURE (3) TRADITIONAL ARCHITECTURE
Mohammad- Reza Haeri and EIr.
In line with the trend towards modernization in Iran’s recent history, most residential houses built by the middle classes in Kashan since 1950 comprise all or some of the following units: entrance, courtyard, living room, reception room, kitchen, lavatory, bath, bedroom, storage, staircase, and hall.
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KASHAN v. ARCHITECTURE (1) URBAN DESIGN
Mohammad- Reza Haeri and EIr.
The city of Kashan, similar to other older Iranian cities, preserved its traditional architectural features and urban design into the early 20th century.
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KASHAN v. ARCHITECTURE (2) HISTORICAL MONUMENTS
Mohammad- Reza Haeri and EIr.
The Zayn-al-Din Minaret is a rare Kashan landmark surviving from the Saljuqid period. Its height, which is recorded at one time to have reached 47 meters, is now only about 22 meters.
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KASHAN v. ARCHITECTURE (4) HISTORIC MANSIONS
EIr.
The design and major components of the historic mansions follow the general pattern of traditional architecture, but with larger spaces and more detailed architectural craftsmanship and luxurious elements.
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KASHAN viii. RELIGIOUS COMMUNITIES (1) JEWISH COMMUNITY
Mehrdad Amanat
Kashan was home to an important Jewish community and cultural center starting at least in the Safavid period.
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KASHAN ii. HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY
Xavier de Planhol
To the northeast of the well-watered mountain ranges of western and southern Iran, a line of bountiful oases which have given rise to important urban areas stretches along the piedmont bordering the desert basins of central and southeastern Iran.
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KASHAN viii. RELIGIOUS COMMUNITIES (2) BAHAI COMMUNITY
Mehrdad Amanat
Like many Bahai communities in Iran, Kashan Bahais can trace their roots to the early years of the Babi movement.
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KASHAN vi. THE ESBANDI FESTIVAL
Habib Borjian
An elaborate festival held in the Kashan region on the eve of the month Esfand.
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KASHAN ix. THE MEDIAN DIALECTS OF KASHAN
Habib Borjian
In the past few decades, rural Kashan has rapidly been shifting to Persian; most villages have already been partly or entirely persianized, and practically all Rāji speakers are bilingual.
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KASHAN iii. History to the Pahlavi Period
Mehrdad Amanat
of the city to the Pahlavi period.
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KĀŠĀNI, ʿABD-AL-RAZZĀQ KHAN
Mangol Bayat
18th-century governor of Kashan under the Zand dynasty.
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ABŪZAYDĀBĀD
E. Yarshater
Oasis village of the province of Kāšān, called Būzābād for short and Bīzeva in the local dialect. It is situated 30 km to the east and slightly to the south of the city of Kāšān.
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MEYMA ii. The Dialect
Habib Borjian
district is at the heart of the area where the Central dialects are spoken.
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KĀŠI, MUSĀ KHAN
Houman Sarshar
Jewish master of Persian classical music, teacher, and innovative kamānča player also known for his mellow singing voice.
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JAMKARĀN
Jean Calmard
village near Qom, located 6 km south of it on the Qom-Kashan highway. It includes the mazraʿas of Gorgābi (Hādi-Mehdi) and Zangābād, the ruins of Gabri castle, and the Jamkarān or Ṣāḥeb-al-Zamān mosque.
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NEŠALJ ii. The Dialect
Habib Borjian
Nešalj had a Median dialect of Rāji variety, a language group spread throughout Kashan region, but it has been succumbing to Persian in recent decades.
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Qohrud i. Historical Geography
Habib Borjian
mountainous river, village, and district, with attractive architectural monuments; on a caravan station from Kashan to Isfahan.
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ḴĀVARI KĀŠĀNI
Mehrdad Amanat
preacher, poet, journalist, and constitutional activist. Ḵāvari learned the fundamentals of traditional learning from his preacher father, Sayyed Hāšem Wāʿeẓ.
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MEYMA i. The District
Habib Borjian
The district rests on a high plain on the western foothills of the Kargas range, which separates Meyma from Naṭanz on the east.
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NEŠALJ i. The Village
Habib Borjian
located in Niāsar Rural District, Niāsar District, Kashan Sub-Province, Isfahan Province.
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ZAYNAB BEGUM
Kioumars Ghereghlou
(d. Qazvin, 1640), the fourth daughter of Shah Ṭahmāsp and one of the most influential princesses in Safavid Iran.
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JOWŠAQĀN i. The District
Habib Borjian
Jowšaqān is located at 65 miles northwest of Isfahan, where the western foothills of the Karkas Mountain range break down into plain.
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ĀŠTĪĀNI
E. Yarshater
the dialect of Āštīān, belongs to the group of “Central” dialects spoken in Kashan and Isfahan provinces and some adjacent areas.
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NABIL-AL-DAWLA
Guity Etemad
ʿAliqoli Khan learned English and French at the Dār al-Fonun School and, with his older brother, Ḥosaynqoli Khan Kalāntar, frequented traditional Persian gymnasia, where the latter was converted to the Bahai faith by a wrestler called Ostād Ḡolām-Ḥosayn Kāši, and he in turn led ʿAliqoli Khan into the new faith in about 1895.
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MAŠHAD-E ARDAHĀL
Habib Borjian
district and settlement near Kashan, significant for its shrine and conservative traditions.
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ABŪ ṬĀHER
O. Watson
Far from the works of the son following close upon those of the father, the gap between known works of the first generation is twenty-eight years, and between the second generations, forty-two years. Late marriage and long apprenticeships may be the explanation.
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ḴORĀSĀNI, MOLLĀ ṢĀDEQ
Vahid Rafati
(d. 1874), teacher, defender and promulgator of the Babi-Bahai faiths.
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ṢOBḤI, FAŻL-ALLĀH MOHTADI
Moojan Momen
(1897-1962), Persian school teacher, who is best known as a children’s storyteller, collector of folktales, broadcaster, and Bahai apostate.
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VAḤŠI BĀFQI
Paul Losensky
(ca. 1532-1583), Kamāl-al-Din (or Šams-al-Din Moḥammad), Persian poet of the Safavid period, who was born in Bāfq and died in Yazd.
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K~ CAPTIONS OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Cross-Reference
list of all the figure and plate images in the letter K entries.
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ABŪ ZAYD B. MOḤAMMAD KĀŠĀNĪ
O. Watson
perhaps the single most important luster potter of Kāšān known to us. More signed and dated works (from 587/1191 to 616/1219) are known by him than by any other potter, and his signature occurs on a greater variety of wares, including both tiles and vessels.
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ʿERĀQ-E ʿAJAM
Pardis Minuchehr
constitutionalist newspaper published in Tehran, 1907-08.
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BANISTER, Thomas
Parvin Loloi
(d. Arrash, 20 July 1571), British merchant and traveler to Persia who commanded the fifth voyage from Britain to Persia via Russia for the purpose of establishing trade.
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MOḤTAŠAM KĀŠĀNI
Paul Losensky
(1528/29-1588), Šams-al-Šoʿarā Kamāl-al-Din, Persian poet of the Safavid period who was born and died in Kashan.
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SWEDEN i. PERSIAN ART COLLECTIONS
Karin Еdahl
Persian art collections in Sweden contain items from the prehistoric period (3600 BCE) to the 19th century. The first artifacts of possibly Iranian origin were brought by Vikings (or Rus), who traveled to the shores of the Caspian and there met with merchants from Iran.
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ŠĀH ṬĀHER ḤOSAYNI DAKKANI
Farhad Daftary
(1480-90s-1549), thirty-first and the most famous imam of the Moḥammadšāhi (or Moʾmeni) branch of the Nezāri Ismaʿilis. A resident of Deccan, Šāh Ṭāher was a learned theologian, poet, literary stylist, and an accomplished diplomat who rendered valuable services to the Neẓāmšāhi dynasty of Aḥmadnagar.
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NAẒIRI NIŠĀPURI
Paul Losensky
Indo-Persian poet of the late 16th and early 17th centuries (b. Nishapur, ca. 1560; d. Ahmadabad, between 1612 and 1614).
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KALBĀSI
Hamid Algar
Ḥāj Moḥammad Ebrāhim (b. Isfahan, 1766; d. Isfahan, 1845), prominent Oṣuli jurist, influential in the affairs of Isfahan during the reigns of Fatḥ-ʿAli Shah and Moḥammad Shah.
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VATATZES, Vasilios
Evangelos Venetis
Greek scholar, merchant, traveler, pioneer explorer, and diplomat.
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NAWʿI
Sunil Sharma
MOḤAMMAD-REŻĀ ḴABUŠĀNI (1563-1610), Persian poet in India, best known for his long maṯnawi, Suz o godāz, a romance centered on a suttee (sati) heroine.
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MAḤALLĀTI, Moḥammad
Javad Golmohammadi
a master calligrapher of the Timurid period, known only through three surviving works on wood and stone (a cenotaph, a door, and a stone plaque), which reflect the stylistic influence of the Timurid prince and master calligrapher Ḡiāṯ-al-Din Bāysonqor (d. 1493).
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AFUŠTAʾI NAṬANZI, MAḤMUD
Kioumars Ghereghlou
(d. after 1599), poet and historian of the Safavid period, author of the chronicle Noqāwat al-āṯār.
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ETTINGHAUSEN, RICHARD
Priscilla P. Soucek
Although Ettinghausen’s official role at the Berlin Museum ended in early 1933 because of decrees issued by the National Socialist Party, he retained an admiration for the work of his former colleagues, epecially that of F. Sarre.
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CARPETS vi. Pre-Islamic Carpets
Karen S. Rubinson
Evidence for textiles of all kinds in pre-Islamic Iran is very sparse. It is necessary to supplement the few remains of actual textiles with examination of representations in art and other kinds of indirect evidence of production, for example preserved impressions and pseudomorphs from excavations.
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KAZERUN iii. Old Kazerun Dialect
ʿAlī Ašraf Ṣādeqī
The old dialect of the city of Kazerun was commonly used by the local people up to around the 14th-15th centuries.
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IRAN vii. NON-IRANIAN LANGUAGES (9) Arabic
Gernot Windfuhr
Most extensive was the Arab settlement in eastern Iran and Greater Khorasan (including northwestern Afghanistan, and Central Asia, including Marv and Bukhara).
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MAḴDUM ŠARIFI ŠIRĀZI
Kioumars Ghereghlou
(1540-41 to 1587), Sunni bureaucrat and polemicist; he held office as ṣadr or minister of religious affairs and endowments at the court of Shah Esmāʿil II Ṣafawi, and eventually fled to the Ottoman Empire.
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ARYANPUR, AMIR-HOSAYN
MEHRDAD MASHAYEKHI
noted engagé intellectual, scholar, and educator of the 20th century Iran.
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JUDEO-PERSIAN COMMUNITIES i. INTRODUCTION
Houman Sarshar
Jewish communities have been living upon the Persian plateau since ca. 721 BCE, when King Sargon II (r. 721-705 BCE) relocated large communities of conquered Israelites.
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GAIL, MARZIEH
Wendy Heller
(1908-1993), Persian-American Bahaʾi author, essayist, and translator; child of the first Persian-American Bahaʾi marriage, and the first woman to work at a newspaper in Tehran.
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SHEYBANI, MANUCHEHR
Saeid Rezvani
poet, painter, filmmaker, and dramatist.
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KELIM (GELIM)
Sumru Belger Krody
a kind of flat-woven carpet employed by settled and nomadic families for a host of uses, primarily but not exclusively for covering household items and furnishing the interior of dwellings.
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KĀŠI, ḠIĀṮ-AL-DIN
George Saliba
ḠIĀṮ-AL-DIN JAMŠID B. MASʿUD B. MOḤAMMAD (ca. 1386-1429), mathematician, astronomer, and scientific instrument-maker of the highest rank.
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CARPETS xiii. Post-Pahlavi Period
P. R. Ford
In the period immediately following the shah’s flight from the country in 1358 Š./1979 the prices for Persian carpets reached record highs on Western markets.
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ČAŠMA(-YE) ʿALĪ
Abbas Alizadeh
lit. “fountain of ʿAlī,” the name for various natural springs in Iran, the two best-known of which are located near Dāmḡān and Ray respectively.
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MUNICH, PERSIAN ART IN
Avinoam Shalem
The collecting of Persian art in Munich goes back at least to the reign of Duke Albrecht V (r. 1516-75). Artifacts of oriental origin were mainly registered as exotica. For example, between 1545 and 1550, Hans Mielich (1516-73), the court painter of Albrecht V, provided the duke with an illustrated inventory of the varied treasures in the court.
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JUDEO-PERSIAN COMMUNITIES v. QAJAR PERIOD (2)
Mehrdad Amanat
In the latter part of the 19th and the first half of the 20th centuries there occurred a relatively widespread mass movement of Persian Jews to the Bahai community.
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FOʾĀDI BOŠRUʾI, ḤASAN
Fereydun Vahman
(1899-1936), historian, philologist, educator, and head of Bahai schools in Iran and Turkmenistan.
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BĀDRŪDI
E. Yarshater
one of the local dialects of the Kāšān region, spoken in Bādrūd, a dehestān (rural district) of Naṭanz.
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ḴORŠĀH B. QOBĀD ḤOSEYNI, NEẒĀM-AL-DIN
Kioumars Ghereghlou
a Hyderabad-based diplomat and historian of Iranian descent best known for his composition of a universal chronicle in Persian in the name of the Qoṭbšāhi ruler, Ebrāhim (r. 1550-80).
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JEZYA
Vera B. Moreen
the poll or capitation tax levied on members of non-Muslim monotheistic faith communities (Jews, Christians, and, eventually, Zoroastrians), who fell under the protection (ḏemma) of Muslim Arab conquerors.
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ḴĀKI ŠIRĀZI, ḤASAN BEG
Kioumars Ghereghlou
(d. 1612), Persian historian and bureaucrat, whose chronicle, titled Aḥsan al-tavāriḵ, is a general history of pre-Islamic and Islamic dynasties of Iran, the Indian Subcontinent, and Central Asia.
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J~ CAPTIONS OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Cross-Reference
list of all the figure and plate images in the letter J entries.
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KARAKI
Rula Jurdi Abisaab
Nur-al-Din Abu’l-Ḥasan ʿAli b. Ḥosayn b. ʿAbd-al-ʿĀli, known as Moḥaqqeq al-Ṯāni or Moḥaqqeq ʿAli (1464-1533), a major Imamite jurist.
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ḤASANLU TEPPE i. THE SITE
Robert H. Dyson, Jr
The Qadar River rises to the west in the Zagros on the Assyrian frontier near the ancient Urartian city of Musasir. Its eastern end drains into marshes north of the modern town of Mahābād, which lies northwest of the ancient country of Mannai.
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CARPETS iii. Knotted-pile carpets: Techniques and structures
Annette Ittig
The techniques of carpet making are the processes of weaving, knotting, and finishing; structure is the complex of interrelations among the elements of the finished carpet.
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ṬĀLEB ĀMOLI
Paul Losensky
Persian poet of the early 17th century (b. Mazandaran, ca. 1580; d. India, 1626-7).
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TEXTILE INDUSTRY IN IRAN
Willem Floor
Textile production in Iran dates back to the 10th millennium BCE. The first European-style factories in Persia were established in the 1850s and were among the first establishments in the country to use modern technology.
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ZAYN-AL-ʿĀBEDIN MARʿAŠI MAUSOLEUM
SANDRA AUBE
a tomb-shrine in Sāri, Māzandarān, where Sayyed Yaḥyā Marʿaši is buried.
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BURIAL i. Pre-Historic Burial Sites
Ezzatollah Negahban
The earliest human skeletal remains found in Persia (pre-8th millennium B.C.) are from several cave dwelling sites: Hotu Cave (Angel) and Belt Cave, both on the southeastern shore of the Caspian Sea; Behistun (Bīsotūn) Cave near Kermānšāh; and Konjī and Arjana Caves in Luristan.
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JOWŠAQĀN ii. The Dialect
Habib Borjian
Jowšaqāni, spoken in the township of Jowšaqān, is a variety of the local dialects of Kāšān, a subgroup of the Central Dialects. Published materials on the dialect include Ann Lambton’s brief grammar and texts and glossary, and R. Zargari’s verb forms, glossary, and idioms.
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ʿORFI ŠIRAZI
Paul Losensky
Persian poet of the latter half of the 16th century (b. Shiraz, 1555; d. Lahore, Aug. 1591).
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ʿABBĀS II
Rudi Matthee
Safavid king of Iran (1052-77/1642-66). The expedition to Kandahar, which had been lost to the Mughals under Shah Ṣafi I, counts as Shah ʿAbbās II’s main military venture.
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ISFAHAN xix. JEWISH DIALECT
Donald Stilo
The Jewish dialects of Isfahan, Kāshān, Hamadān, Borujerd, Yazd, Kermān and others belong to the Central dialect group of Northwestern Iranian. All of Northwestern Iranian languages, in turn, are descended from Median.
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ḤAYĀTI TABRIZI, QĀSEM BEG
Kioumars Ghereghlou
16th-century Persian historian, whose chronicle, Tāriḵ, spans the period between Shaikh Ṣafi-al-Din Esḥāq Ardabili and Shah Esmāʿil I.
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ḴᵛĀNSĀR i. Historical Geography
Habib Borjian
historical district and town in Isfahan province.
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GHAFFARY, FARROKH
Michele Epinette
(1922-2006), Iranian artist and one of the founders of the National Archives of Iranian Cinema; he served as one of the directors of the National Iranian Radio-Television, worked as the chief organizer of the Shiraz Festival of Arts.
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KEŠAʾI DIALECT
Habib Borjian
the dialect spoken in the village of Keša, near Naṭanz, in Isfahan Province.
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ZEFRA i. The District
Mohammad-Hasan Raja’i Zefra’i and Habib Borjian
mountainous district and village northeast of Isfahan. Historical documents have little mention of Zefra. Nevertheless the village is embellished with a fine congregational mosque from the Saljuq era with subsequent renovations; the mosque’s antique gate and pulpit are dated 790/1388 and 791/1389, respectively.
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HYENA
Steven C. Anderson
Hyaena hyaena (Linnaeus, 1758), Pers. kaftār. The striped hyena is the only current Asian representative of the mammalian family Hyaenidae. Principal threats to hyena populations today are vehicular traffic (since they scavenge road kills at night), wanton shooting, and secondary poisoning. The hyena is a protected species in Iran.
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ZOROASTRIANS OF IRAN vi. Linguistic Documentation
Saloumeh Gholami
This article focuses on the importance of documenting the Zoroastrian dialects of Yazd and Kerman, also known as Zoroastrian Dari (a term not to be confused with classical Persian Dari or Dari in Afghanistan).
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KALĀNTARI, PARVIZ
Nojan Madinei
(b. Zanjān, 22 March 1931; d. Tehran, 20 May 2016), painter, graphic designer, writer, and a pioneering illustrator of Iranian children’s books.
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JUDEO-PERSIAN COMMUNITIES v. QAJAR PERIOD (1)
Daniel Tsadik
The socio-economic and legal status of the Jews of Iran in early Qajar times was, to an extent, a continuation of the legacy of Safavid times. With the passage of time, however, certain changes started to be seen.
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CERAMICS x. The Iron Age
Robert C. Henrickson
The pottery of Iron Age Persia presents a vast array of problems, not least the huge area and long span of time that must be taken into consideration.
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CERAMICS xiv. The Islamic Period, 11th-15th centuries
Ernst J. Grube
A large variety of pottery types from different parts of the country has been attributed to this general period, notably incised and slip-carved earthenwares, which have been published under a variety of labels, as proper attributions have so far been impossible.
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ARDABĪL CARPET
M. Beattie
a name applied chiefly to a Persian carpet acquired by the Victoria and Albert Museum in 1893, which is significant for its outstanding quality of design and weaving and for the precise date it carries. A second, almost identical carpet is less well known; it was presented by the late J. Paul Getty to the Los Angeles County Museum of Art in 1953.
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ART IN IRAN ii. Median Art and Architecture
P. Calmeyer
We know that Medes were mentioned in neo Assyrian annals from the year 836 B.C. onwards; as late as in King Esarhaddon’s vassal treaties (672 B.C.) they are represented by petty princes: central kingship had not yet been established, the foundation of which was later ascribed to the legendary judge, Deïokes.
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ZHUKOVSKIĬ, Valentin Alekseevich
Firuza Abdullaeva
(1858-1918), one of the most prominent representatives of Russian, namely St. Petersburg, Oriental studies. The scholarly interests of Zhukovskiĭ were extremely wide, covering the whole range of subjects from dialectology and folklore to archeology. His archives contain papers on many different subjects; some of them still await publication.
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SCHLIMMER, JOHANNES LODEWIK
Willem Floor
(1818-1876), Dutch physician who served in Iran as an instructor of medicine and became a leading pioneer in the promotion of modern medicine in Iran. His Terminologie Medico-Pharmaceutique (1874) helped standardize medical technical terms in Persian.
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CRYSTAL, ROCK
Brigitte Musche, Jens Kröger
a pure, transparent variety of quartz, usually called “rock crystal” to distinguish it from crystal glass.
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SOLṬĀN ḤOSAYN
Rudi Matthee
(1668-1727), the ninth and last Safavid king, the eldest son of Shah Solaymān I. Like most Safavid rulers, he was most comfortable speaking Turkish, although he appears to have learned Persian as well.
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KĀMRĀN MIRZĀ NĀYEB-AL-SALṬANA
Heidi Walcher
(1856-1929), the third surviving son of Nāṣer-al-Din Shah, he was the minister of war and commander of the armed forces, and intermittently governor of Tehran and a number of provinces.
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GHIRSHMAN, ROMAN
Laurianne Martinez-Sève
Ghirshman came from an affluent family in Kharkov and was enlisted in 1914 into the Russian army. In 1917, he joined the counter-revolutionary camp, and after the Communist victory took refuge in Istanbul, where he earned a living as a violinist.
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TABRIZ x. MONUMENTS x(1). The Blue Mosque
Sandra Aube
(Pers. Masjed-e kabud), also known as Masjed-e Moẓaffariya, built during the rule of the Qarā Qoyunlu dynasty (1351-1469) and completed in 1465. The extant tilework documents artistic connections with contemporary architecture in Timurid Khorasan and in the Ottoman Empire.
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CERAMICS iv. The Chalcolithic Period in the Zagros Highlands
Elizabeth F. Henrickson
The Zagros Chalcolithic may be divided into Early, Middle, and Late subperiods. Within each several distinctive regional assemblages are known in varying archeological detail.
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