Search Results for “Armenia”

• ARMENIA AND IRAN

  Multiple Authors

  series of articles that covers Irano-Armenian relations in pre-modern times. 

• ARMENIA and IRAN i. Armina, Achaemenid province

  R. Schmitt

  a province (satrapy) of the Achaemenid empire; the inhabitants are called Arminiya- “Armenian.” 

• ARMENIA and IRAN v. Accounts of Iran in Armenian sources

  M. Van Esbroeck

  Since Armenian writing itself begins only around 430, almost forty years after the disappearance of the Armenian Arsacid empire, the historians who write of Arsacid or earlier events belong to a later era.

• ARMENIA i. IMAGE OF PERSIANS IN

  Robert Thomson

  In the Sasanian period Armenians developed a self-awareness as Christians against the background of their earlier Iranian social and religious culture.

• ARMENIA ii. ARMENIAN WOMEN IN THE LATE 19TH- AND EARLY 20TH-CENTURY PERSIA

  Houri Berberian

  In the 19th and early 20th centuries, Iranian Armenians were concentrated in Azerbaijan and Isfahan. When demographic studies included the numbers of women, these were noticeably smaller than those for men, most likely because male heads of families were less apt to report about female family members.

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• ARMENIA AND IRAN iii. Armenian Religion

  J. R. Russell

  In the formative period the Armenians appear to have absorbed Hurrian, Hittite, and Urartian elements in their religious beliefs. Iran, however, was to be the dominant influence in Armenian spiritual culture.

• ARMENIA AND IRAN vi. Armeno-Iranian relations in the Islamic period

  H. Papazian

  expansion of Islam in Iran caused a big rift between Armenia, already converted to Christianity, and Iran.

• ARMENIA AND IRAN ii. The pre-Islamic period

  M. L. Chaumont

  under Darius and Xerxes had much narrower boundaries than the future Armenia of the Artaxiads and the Arsacids.

• ARMENIA AND IRAN iv. Iranian influences in Armenian Language

  R. Schmitt, H. W. Bailey

  attested in written sources since the 5th century A.D. and characterized from the very beginning of the literary documentation by a large number of Iranian loanwords.

• Armenians in India

  Cross-Reference

  See JULFA v. Armenians in India.

• ARMENIANS OF MODERN IRAN

  A. Amurian and M. Kasheff

  Armenians can be found in almost every major city of Iran.

• Armenian Šuštari

  music sample

• EKEŁEACʿ

  James Russell

  Gk. Akilisēnē, region along the Euphrates in northwest Armenia.

• ARMINA

  Cross-Reference

  See ARMENIA AND IRAN i.

• ARTOXARES

  M. Dandamayev

  a Paphlagonian eunuch at the court of Artaxerxes I and satrap of Armenia.

• ARTABAZANES

  C. J. Brunner

  autonomous ruler of Armenia who submitted to the Seleucid king Antiochus III in 220 B.C., when the latter invaded his country.

• ERUANDAŠAT

  Robert H. Hewsen

  a city in Armenia located on a rocky hill at the juncture of the Akhurean and Araxes rivers.

• ARA THE BEAUTIFUL

  J. R. Russell

  son of Aram, mythical king of Armenia.  

• BAGAYAṞIČ

  R. H. Hewsen

  site of the great temple of Mihr (Mithras), one of the eight principal pagan shrines of pre-Christian Armenia, traditionally built by Tigranes II the Great (r. 95-56 B.C.).

• BAGAWAN (2)

  R. H. Hewsen

  an ancient locality in central Armenia situated at the foot of Mount Npat (Gk. Niphates, Turk. Tapa-seyd) in the principality of Bagrewand west of modern Diyadin.

• ANUŠAWAN

  J. R. Russell

  grandson of Ara, legendary king of Armenia, called sawsanuēr “devoted to the plane tree.”

• ARMAVIR

  R. H. Hewsen

  one of the capitals of ancient Armenia.

• MOSES OF CHORENE

  Cross-Reference

  (5th century), priest and bishop, to whom is attributed the work, History of Armenia (Patmut‘iwn Hayoc‘); see MOVSĒS XORENAC‘I.

• ʿALĀʾ-AL-DAWLA ḎUʾL-QADAR

  R. M. Savory

  early 9th/15th century ruler of Maṛʿaš and Albestān in the kingdom of Little Armenia, east of the Taurus mountains. 

• DAYEAKUTʿIWN

  Robert G. Bedrosian

  a form of child rearing practiced in Armenia and other parts of the Caucasus.

• AŠTIŠAT

  M. Van Esbroeck

  religious center of pagan Armenia and first official Christian see.

• AVARAYR

  R. Hewsen

  a village in Armenia in the principality of Artaz southeast of the Iranian town of Mākū.

• DAYSAM

  C. Edmund Bosworth

  b. Ebrāhīm KORDĪ, ABŪ SĀLEM, Kurdish commander who ruled sporadically in Azerbaijan between 938 and 955 after the period of Sajid domination there.

• ARTSRUNI

  C. Toumanoff

  one of the most important princely families of Armenia, an offshoot of the Orontids, Achaemenian satraps and subsequently kings of Armenia, but claiming descent from Sennacherib of Assyria.

• ABRAHAM OF EREVAN

  George A. Bournoutian

  the author of a history of the wars in Armenian at the time of Nāder Shah Afšār.

• ARTAVASDES

  R. Schmitt

  Old Iranian male personal name.

• ARTAXIAS I

  J. Russell

  reigned 189-160 B.C., founder of the Artaxiad dynasty in Greater Armenia.

• AṘAKʿEL OF TABRĪZ

  A. K. Sanjian

   Armenian historian, born at Tabrīz in the 1590s, died at Etchmiadzin in Armenia in 1670.

• ARTAXATA

  R. H. Hewsen

  a city of ancient Armenia founded ca. 176 B.C. by King Artaxias I.A

• ATRUŠAN

  J. R. Russell

  the Armenian word for “fire temple,” a loan-word from Parthian.

• AMATUNI

  C. Toumanoff

  Armenian dynastic house, known historically after the 4th century CE.

• HADRIAN

  Ernst Badian

  (Publius Aelius Hadrianus), Roman emperor 117-38. He abandoned the Parthian War and the provinces east of the Euphrates that had been instituted by Trajan but never securely held. He permanently renounced any intervention in Armenia and Parthia.

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• IRAN-NAMEH

  Vahe Boyajian

  journal of Oriental studies, founded in Yerevan, Armenia, in May 1993 as a scholarly monthly publication in the Armenian language.

• Bahrām III

  O. Klíma

  the sixth Sasanian king, son of Bahrām II ruled for four months.

• CUPBEARER

  James R. Russel

  one who fills and distributes cups of wine, as in a royal household.

• BAGARAN

  R. H. Hewsen

  (lit. “the god’s place”; Turk. Pakran), a town founded by the Armenian King Orontes (Eruand) II (ca. 212-ca. 200 B.C.) to house the images of the gods and the royal ancestors.

• ABRAHAM OF CRETE

  George A. Bournoutian

  (Kretatsʾi; b. Kandia, Crete, ?- d. Ejmiatsin, 18 April 1737), a leader of the Armenian Church and the author of a chronicle about Nāder Shah Afšār.

• AGATHANGELOS

  R. W. Thomson

  (Greek for “messenger of good news”), the supposed author of a History of the Armenians, which describes the conversion of King Trdat of Armenia to Christianity at the beginning of the 4th century CE.

• ANĒRĀN

  Ph. Gignoux

  “non-Iran,” Middle Persian ethno-linguistic term generally used pejoratively to denote a political and religious enemy of Iran and Zoroastrianism.  

• CAMBYSENE

  Marie Louise Chaumont

  Whether or not Cambysene was part of the Achaemenid Empire is unknown. When the Artaxid dynasty of Armenia was at the peak of its power this region was one of its provinces or districts; it remained so until it was conquered by the Albanians, probably after the defeat of Tigranes the Great in 69 b.c.

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• ARSACIDS

  Multiple Authors

  (Persian Aškānīān), Parthian dynasty which ruled Iran from about 250 BCE to about 226 CE.

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• DOMAN

  Erich Kettenhofen

  city in the Roman province of Cappadocia, conquered along with the surrounding area by the Sasanian Šāpūr I (240-70) during his second campaign against Rome.

• ARMIN

  Dj. Khaleghi-Motlagh

  the fourth son of Kay Qobād in certain texts of the Šāh-nāma.

• MAMIKONEAN FAMILY

  Nina Garsoian

  the most distinguished family in Early Christian Armenia after the ruling Arsacid house. Their power survived the fall of the dynasty in 428 and began to wane only from the end of the 6th century.

• AYRARAT

  R. H. Hewsen

  region of central Armenia in the broad plain of the upper Araxes.

• ORONTES

  Rüdiger Schmitt

  Old Iranian name, attested only in Greek forms, carried by several personages of the Achaemenid period.

• APPIANUS

  M. L. Chaumont

  (APPIAN) OF ALEXANDRIA, historian, born probably toward the end of the 1st century CE.

• IL-KHANIDS

  Multiple Authors

  the Mongol dynasty in Persia and the surrounding countries, from about 1260 until about 1335. The dynasty was founded by Holāgu/Hülegü Khan, the grandson of Čengiz Khan.

• ARSACIDS vii. The Arsacid dynasty of Armenia

  C. Toumanoff

  Third dynasty of Armenia, from the first to the mid-fifth century. Arsacid rule brought about an intensification of the political and cultural influence of Iran in Armenia.

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• YAZIDIS ii. INITIATION IN YAZIDISM

  Philip G. Kreyenbroek

  Three different rites can mark the initiation of a Yazidi child as a member of the community.

• AMESTRIS

  R. Schmitt

  no. 4. Niece of of Darius III, d. ca. 280 BCE. She was married to the Macedonian general Craterus, then to the tyrant Dionysius in Bithynia, and to Lysimachus, king of Thrace, before ruling alone in Paphlagonia.

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• ʿAJĀʾEB AL-DONYĀ

  L. P. Smirnova

  (“Wonders of the world” or “Wonderful things”), title of a Persian geography.

• SMBAT BAGRATUNI

  N. Garsoian

  distinguished Armenian prince and head of the Bagratid house at the turn of the 6th to the 7th century.

• AMIRDOVLATʿ AMASIATSʿI

  Avedis K. Sanjian

  (b. Amasya ca. 1420/25; d. Bursa, 1496), Armenian physician at the Ottoman court and author of Angitats Anpet, an encyclopedic polyglot in six languages including Persian.

• BURDAR

  James R. Russell

  Pahl. burdār “carrier, sustainer,  bringer,” attested in Armenian as a proper name. 

• EUSEBIUS OF CAESAREA

  Philip Huyse

  (260-339), Greek ecclesiastical historian and theologian.

• ANTONY, MARK

  M. L. Chaumont

  Roman general (ca. 82-30 B.C.). Following the defeat of Crassus at Carrhae (Ḥarrān) in 53 B.C., the Roman leadership sought a war of revenge. Mark Antony became master of the East through a pact with Octavian (the future Augustus)  in 40 B.C., he began preparations for a campaign against the Parthians.

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• NAXARAR

  N. Garsoian

  term given to the para-feudal, social pattern that early Armenia apparently shared with Parthian Iran, although it was preserved into the Sasanian period and beyond.

• ʿABBĀSĀBĀD

  Kamran Ekbal

  The fortress built in 1810 by ʿAbbās Mīrzā on the northern bank of the Araxes river; it commanded the passage of the Araxes and was of special strategic importance for the defense of the Naḵjavān khanate.

• DADARSIS

  Muhammad A. Dandamayev

  Old Persian name derived from darš “to dare”; three men with this name are known.

• KAMSARAKAN

  C. Toumanoff

  Armenian noble family that was an offshoot of the Kāren Pahlav, one of the seven great houses of Iran claiming Arsacid origin.

• DARIUS vii. Parthian Princes

  Rudiger Schmitt

  In 64 B.C.E. while his father, Mithridates VI Eupator, king of Pontus (ca. 121/20-63 B.C.E.), was fighting his last, losing campaign against the troops of the Roman general Pompey (106-48 B.C.E.), the child Darius was taken prisoner, along with several brothers and his sister Eupatra, in Phanagoria

• ABRAHAMIAN, ROUBEN

  Jennifer Manoukian

  Armenian Iranist, linguist, and translator. One of the first teachers of Pahlavi language at University of Tehran.

• EZNIK OF KOŁB

  James R. Russell

  or KOŁBACʿI (b. ca. 374-80), Armenian Christian theologian and cleric; his work contains a refutation of the Zoroastrian religion. 

• ḠĀVĀL

  Jean During

  or daf; the most widespread percussion instrument in the Republic of Azerbaijan, played as much in artistic as in popular music and professional ensembles.

• DIO CASSIUS

  Marie Louise Chaumont

  (more correctly, Cassius Dio; b. Nicea, Bithynia, ca. 160, d. Nicea, after 229), Roman official whose Rhomaikē Historia is important for the study of Parthian history.

• SEBEOS

  James Howard-Johnston

  a seventh-century Armenian historian. The Armenian history traditionally attributed to Sebeos is an important source for the history of the Sasanian empire from the last years of Hormozd IV to the death of Yazdegerd III. 

• ŁAZAR PʿARPECʿI

  Gohar Muradyan

  late 5th century Armenian historian.

• ASPET

  C. Toumanoff

  Armenian title.

• HAYTON

  Peter Jackson

  an Armenian prince, lord of the city of Gorighos in Cilicia, and nephew of King Hetʿum I; he was exiled by his cousin King Hetʿum II and lived as a monk in Cyprus before moving to Poitiers in France, where in 1307 he composed a treatise commissioned by Pope Clement V outlining the conduct of a crusade.

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• CARUS

  Fridrik Thordarson

  Imperator Caesar MARCUS AURELIUS (Augustus), Roman emperor (r. 282-83).

• ARSACIDS iv. Arsacid religion

  M. Boyce

  It may reasonably be assumed that, at least from the time they seized power, the Arsacids were professed Zoroastrians.

• ḤOSAYNQOLI KHAN SARDĀR-E IRAVĀNI

  George A. Bournoutian

  important governor in the early Qajar period (b. ca. 1742, d. 1831).

• GANJA

  C. Edmund Bosworth

  (Ar. Janza), the Islamic name of a town in the early medieval Islamic province of Arrān (the classical Caucasian Albania, Armenian Alvankʿ).

• KURDOEV, QENĀTĒ

  Joyce Blau

  (1909-1985), Kurdish philologist and university professor.

• AḴLĀṬ

  C. E. Bosworth, H. Crane

  a town and medieval Islamic fortress in eastern Anatolia.

• ARBĀYISTĀN

  G. Widengren

  name of a Mesopotamian province in the Sasanian empire.

• BEDLĪS

  Robert Dankoff

  (Turk. Bitlis, Arm. Bałēš, Ar. Badlīs), town and province of Turkey, of Kurdish population, situated twenty km southwest of Lake Van, commanding the passes between the Armenian highlands and the Mesopotamian lowlands.

• BAGRATIDS

  C. Toumanoff

  The partition of Armenia in 387 into an Iranian and a Roman vassal state, then the annexation of the Western kingdom by the Empire, and finally the abolition of the East Armenian Monarchy in 428 placed these princes in the necessity of choosing between the two rival imperial allegiances.

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• HYDARNES

  Rüdiger Schmitt

  (Gk. Hydárnēs), rendering of the Old Persian male name Vidṛna held by several historical persons of the Achaemenid period.

• ĀZĀD (Iranian Nobility)

  M. L. Chaumont, C. Toumanoff

  (older ĀZĀT), a class of the Iranian nobility.

• ARBELA

  J. F. Hansman

  capital of an ancient northern Mesopotamian province located between the two Zab rivers.  

• Bahrām IV

  O. Klíma

  succeeded Šāpūr III; Prior to his accession, Bahrām was governor of Kermān and bore the title Kermān Šāh.

• NAḴJAVĀN

  C. Edmund Bosworth

  the administrative center of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic (NAR) with its own elected representative assembly, within the Republic of Azerbaijan but separated from it by Armenia.

• DVIN

  Erich Kettenhofen

  city in Armenia located north of Artaxata on the left bank of the Azat, about 35 km south of the present Armenian capital at Yerevan. It remained a significant center from the Sasanian period to the 13th century, and its pleasant climate was mentioned by many authors.

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• PERSONAL NAMES, IRANIAN iv. PARTHIAN PERIOD

  Rüdiger Schmitt

  For the Parthian period there is no super-abundance of primary sources written in the official (Middle) Parthian administrative language.

• YAZDEGERD II

  Touraj Daryaee

  Sasanian king, whose reign is marked by wars with Byzantium in the west and the Hephthalites in the east.  He stayed in the east for some years fighting the nomadic tribes and is known for imposing Zoroastrianism in Armenia.

• AMIDA

  D. Sellwood and EIr

  Pers. Āmed (modern Dīārbakr), town situated on a plateau dominating the west bank of the upper Tigris.

• ASOŁIK

  Michel van Esbroeck

   “the singer,” the usual name of Stephen of Tarōn.

• AXSE

  M. L. Chaumont

  name of a Parthian hostage in Rome, inscribed in the dedication of an epitaph engraved on a marble plaque and discovered at the Forum Boarium in Rome.

• TRAJAN

  Erich Kettenhofen

  Marcus Ulpius Traianus, Roman emperor (98-117 CE), born probably in 53 CE, and died in early August 117. During his reign, the Imperium Romanum stretched to its widest extent, but only for a short period.

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• TIGRAN II

  N. Garsoian

  THE GREAT, king of Armenia (r. 95-55 BCE),  the most distinguished member of the so-called Artašēsid/Artaxiad dynasty.

• ARRĀN

  C. E. Bosworth

  a region of eastern Transcaucasia.

• PIŠ-PARDA

  William O. Beeman

  a short comedy sketch, musical number, or dance performed before the main theatrical performance, or in an intermission between acts of a performance.

• ASPBED

  M. L. Chaumont

  “master of horses, chief of cavalry,” Parthian title attested in the Nisa documents and the inscription of Šāpūr I on the Kaʿba-ye Zardošt.