Search Results for “ Nina Garsoian”

• ERUANDAŠAT

  Robert H. Hewsen

  a city in Armenia located on a rocky hill at the juncture of the Akhurean and Araxes rivers.

• SMBAT BAGRATUNI

  N. Garsoian

  distinguished Armenian prince and head of the Bagratid house at the turn of the 6th to the 7th century.

• MAMIKONEAN FAMILY

  Nina Garsoian

  the most distinguished family in Early Christian Armenia after the ruling Arsacid house. Their power survived the fall of the dynasty in 428 and began to wane only from the end of the 6th century.

• CUPBEARER

  James R. Russel

  one who fills and distributes cups of wine, as in a royal household.

• DASTGERD

  Philippe Gignoux

  lit. “made by hand, handiwork”; a term originally designating a royal or seigneurial estate.

• PERIKHANIAN, ANAHIT

  Arthur Ambartsumian

  (1928-2012), scholar of Iranian studies, specializing in Sasanian jurisprudence, history, and society. 

  
  
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• DRIYŌŠĀN JĀDAG-GŌW UD DĀDWAR

  Philippe Gignoux

  Middle Persian title of a Sasanian official, “intercessor and judge of the poor.”

• DENŠAPUH

  James Russell

  short form of Vehdenšapuh; Sasanian hambārakapet (quartermaster) involved in the campaign of Yazdagerd II (438-57) to force Christian Armenians to abjure their faith and return to Zoroastrianism; a gem bearing his name is preserved in the British Museum in London.

• ASPET

  C. Toumanoff

  Armenian title.

• NAXARAR

  N. Garsoian

  term given to the para-feudal, social pattern that early Armenia apparently shared with Parthian Iran, although it was preserved into the Sasanian period and beyond.

• MOVSĒS XORENAC‘I

  Nina Garsoïan

  from the later Middle Ages, and down to the present, honored as the “Father of Armenian History” (Patmahayr). According to his own words, he was a pupil of St. Maštoc‘, the inventor of the Armenian alphabet, writing in the 5th century CE. 

• KAMSARAKAN

  C. Toumanoff

  Armenian noble family that was an offshoot of the Kāren Pahlav, one of the seven great houses of Iran claiming Arsacid origin.

• CORONATION

  A. Shapur Shahbazi

  in ancient Iran, the ceremonial act of investing a ruler with a crown.

• ARMAVIR

  R. H. Hewsen

  one of the capitals of ancient Armenia.

• ARSACIDS vii. The Arsacid dynasty of Armenia

  C. Toumanoff

  Third dynasty of Armenia, from the first to the mid-fifth century. Arsacid rule brought about an intensification of the political and cultural influence of Iran in Armenia.

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• GRIBOEDOV, ALEXANDER SERGEEVICH

  George Bournoutian

  Griboedov joined the Russian administration in Transcaucasia in early 1819 and was sent by the Chief Administrator, General Ermolov, to Persia to establish the Russian Mission in Tehran.

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• GUIDI’S CHRONICLE

  Sebastian P. Brock

  an anonymous, 7th-century chronicle of Nestorian Christians, known also as “the Khuzistan Chronicle,” written in Syriac and covering the period from the reign of the Sasanian Hormizd/Hormoz IV (579-89) to the middle of the 7th century and the time of the early Arab conquests.

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• CROWN PRINCE

  A. Shapur Shahbazi

  the officially recognized heir apparent to the throne.

• PAUL THE PERSIAN

  Byard Bennett

  writer at the time of the Nestorian Patriarch Ezekiel (567-580 C.E.). Bar Hebraeus attributes to Paul “an admirable introduction to the dialectics (of Aristotle).” He also appears as a literary figure in an early Byzantine Greek anti-Manichean work, the Debate of Photinus the Manichean and Paul the Persian.

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• ĀZĀD (Iranian Nobility)

  M. L. Chaumont, C. Toumanoff

  (older ĀZĀT), a class of the Iranian nobility.

• AYRARAT

  R. H. Hewsen

  region of central Armenia in the broad plain of the upper Araxes.

• HUNTING IN IRAN i. In the pre-Islamic Period

  A. Shapur Shahbazi

  Persian has two terms for hunting, naḵjīr and šekār, both of which have spread beyond Iranian languages. i. In the pre-Islamic Period.

• AMATUNI

  C. Toumanoff

  Armenian dynastic house, known historically after the 4th century CE.

• TIGRAN II

  N. Garsoian

  THE GREAT, king of Armenia (r. 95-55 BCE),  the most distinguished member of the so-called Artašēsid/Artaxiad dynasty.

• FAUSTUS

  James R. Russell

  fifth-century author of the Patmutʿiwn Hayocʿ (History of the Armenians) or Buzandaran.

• ARTSRUNI

  C. Toumanoff

  one of the most important princely families of Armenia, an offshoot of the Orontids, Achaemenian satraps and subsequently kings of Armenia, but claiming descent from Sennacherib of Assyria.

• ARMENIA i. IMAGE OF PERSIANS IN

  Robert Thomson

  In the Sasanian period Armenians developed a self-awareness as Christians against the background of their earlier Iranian social and religious culture.

• DVIN

  Erich Kettenhofen

  city in Armenia located north of Artaxata on the left bank of the Azat, about 35 km south of the present Armenian capital at Yerevan. It remained a significant center from the Sasanian period to the 13th century, and its pleasant climate was mentioned by many authors.

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• AMIDA

  D. Sellwood and EIr

  Pers. Āmed (modern Dīārbakr), town situated on a plateau dominating the west bank of the upper Tigris.

• HAZĀRBED

  M. Rahim Shayegan

  or Hazāruft; title of a high state official in Sasanian Iran.

• ARTAXATA

  R. H. Hewsen

  a city of ancient Armenia founded ca. 176 B.C. by King Artaxias I.A

• HORMOZD II

  A. Shapur Shahbazi

  Sasanian great king (r. 303-09 CE). He assumed a crown very similar to that of Bahrām II,  representing the varəγna, the royal falcon.

• MĀR MĀRI

  Florence Jullien

  the Christian apostle, considered as the first missionary in the Arsacid Empire.

• MEHR-NARSEH

  Touraj Daryaee

  The grand vizier (Mid. Pers. wuzurg framādār) during the reigns of the Sasanian kings Yazdgerd I (r. 399-421 CE), Bahrām V (r. 421-39), Yazdgerd II (r. 439-57), and Pērōz (r. 459-84).

• KĀRIN

  Parvaneh Pourshariati

  one of the seven great families of the Parthian and Sasanian periods.

• ARMENO-IRANIAN RELATIONS in the pre-Islamic period

  Nina Garsoian

  appearance of Armenian literature in the second half of the fifth century CE, in the generation which followed the great revolt of the Armenian nobles in 450 against Yazdgird II’s attempt to re-impose Zoroastrianism on their already Christian country, resulted in its almost total obliteration of Armenia’s ties to the Iranian world.

• JOVIAN

  Erich Kettenhofen

  (Flavius Iovianus; 331-364), Roman emperor, r. 363-64. The present article confines discussion to the events related to the Persian campaign of 363.

• RAWWADIDS

  Andrew Peacock

  a family of Arab descent that controlled parts of Azerbaijan and Armenia from the late 8th through the 11th centuries.

• BALĀSAGĀN

  M. L. Chaumont, C. E. Bosworth

   “country of the Balās,” designating a region located for the most part south of the lower course of the rivers Kor (Kura) and the Aras (Araxes), bordered on the south by Atropatene and on the east by the Caspian Sea.  i. In pre-Islamic times.  ii. In Islamic times.

• SHADDADIDS

  Andrew Peacock

  Caucasian dynasty of Kurdish origin reigning from about 950 until 1200, first in Dvin and Ganja, later in Ani.

• CHILDREN iii. Legal Rights of Children in the Sasanian Period

  Mansour Shaki

  Although the corpus of Sasanian civil law was designed primarily to regulate matters among the lower classes, that is, the common people and slaves, the portions on adop­tion, inheritance, guardianship, and the like were equally applicable to the upper classes.

• CATHARS, ALBIGENSIANS, and BOGOMILS

  J. L M. van Schaik

  Manichaeism is said to have been passed via the Paulicians and the Bogomils to re-emerge in the European Cathars but this supposed historical transmission is difficult to demonstrate.

• KUSHANSHAHS i. History

  Étienne de La Vaissière

  The very first surely dated occurrence of the title Kushanshah seems to be in the Paikuli inscription of the Sasanian Narseh ca. 293 CE. It would show a reduction in status of the kings of the former Kushan territory from “king of kings” to “king,” itself linked with a Sasanian overlordship.

• DĀD (1)

  Mansour Shaki

  (Av. dāta- “law, right, rule, regulation, statute, command, institution, decision”), in the Zoroastrian tradition the most general term for law.

• ŠĀPUR II

  Touraj Daryaee

  (r. 309-79 CE), longest reigning monarch of the Sasanian dynasty.

• DERAFŠ

  A. Shapur Shahbazi

  lit. “banner, standard, flag, emblem,” in ancient Iran. In the Avesta Bactria “with tall banners,”  a fluttering “bull banner,” and enemy banners are mentioned. In the Achaemenid period each Persian army division had its own standard (Herodotus, 9.59), and “all officers had banners over their tents"  (Xenophon, Cyropaedia 8.5.13). 

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• XIONGNU

  Étienne de la Vaissière

  (Hsiung-nu), the great nomadic empire to the north of China in the 2nd and 1st centuries BCE, which extended to Iranian-speaking Central Asia and perhaps gave rise to the Huns of the Central Asian Iranian sources.

• CHRISTIANITY i. In Pre-Islamic Persia: Literary Sources

  James R. Russell

  In Middle Persian there are three terms used for Christians: KLSTYDʾN and NʾCLʾY in the inscription on the Kaʿba-ye Zardošt of the 3rd-century Zoroastrian high priest Kartir; and tarsāq, Sogdian loan-word trsʾq, New Persian tarsā.

• ARMENIA and IRAN v. Accounts of Iran in Armenian sources

  M. Van Esbroeck

  Since Armenian writing itself begins only around 430, almost forty years after the disappearance of the Armenian Arsacid empire, the historians who write of Arsacid or earlier events belong to a later era.

• ELEPHANT ii. In the Sasanian Army

  Michael B. Charles

  ii. IN THE SASANIAN ARMY

• MARTYRS, CHRISTIAN

  Christelle Jullien

  in the Iranian lands. The passion accounts are known from two sets of literary corpus: one in Syriac, and the other in Greek. Some of the Syriac Acts of the Persian Martyrs were first published with a Latin translation in 1748 by Stefano Evodio Assemani (1711-1782), on the basis of the ancient Vatican manuscript 160.

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• Greece iv. Greek Influence on Persian Thought

  Mansour Shaki

  After the conquest of Ionia, Lydia, and other regions of Asia Minor by Cyrus II, the Persians came into close contact with the Hellenes, their skilled artisans, renowned physicians, artists, statements, men-of-arms, and the like.

• BANŪ SĀJ

  W. Madelung

  a family named after its ancestor Abu’l-Sāj which served the ʿAbbasid caliphate (9th-10th centuries).

• TALMUD ii. RABBINIC LITERATURE and MIDDLE PERSIAN TEXTS

  Yaakov Elman

  Jews and Persians had coexisted in Mesopotamia, mostly peaceably, for some 700 years by the time that the first generation of prominent Babylonian talmudic rabbis was born in the third quarter of the 2nd century.

• CUSTOMS DUTIES

  Willem Floor

  a tax levied on the movement of trade. A new law ensuring Persian autonomy in establishing tariffs (ḥoqūq-e gomrokī) was enacted on 1 May 1928; it provided for an ad valorem tariff on most goods, with special rates for certain luxuries like gold, silver, and tobacco.

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• MARRIAGE ii. NEXT OF KIN MARRIAGE IN ZOROASTRIANISM

  Prods Oktor Skjærvø

  xwēdōdah, said to refer to marital unions of father and daughter, mother and son, or brother and sister (next-of-kin or close-kin marriage, nuclear family incest).

• ŠĀPUR I: History

  Shapur Shahbazi

  second Sasanian king of kings (r. 239-70) and author of several rock-reliefs and the trilingual inscription on the walls of the so-called Kaʿba-ye Zardošt [ŠKZ].

• ḴELʿAT

  Willem Floor

  (Ar. ḵelʿa, pl. ḵelaʿ), term used in Iran, India, Central Asia for gifts, but in particular a robe of honor.

• BAGRATIDS

  C. Toumanoff

  The partition of Armenia in 387 into an Iranian and a Roman vassal state, then the annexation of the Western kingdom by the Empire, and finally the abolition of the East Armenian Monarchy in 428 placed these princes in the necessity of choosing between the two rival imperial allegiances.

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• NARSEH

  Ursula Weber

  Sasanian king (r. 293-302 CE), who was crowned only at the advanced age of approximately 60-65 after the short reign of his grandnephew, Bahrām III.

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• DEPORTATIONS

  A. Shapur Shahbazi, Erich Kettenhofen, John R. Perry

  forced transfers of population from one region to another.

• KUH-E ḴᵛĀJA

  Soroor Ghanimati

  a well preserved archeological site of chiefly Sasanian date, in the delta of the Helmand River, in the Iranian province of Sistān, near Zābol. The sacred precinct is located on the monumental upper part of the site and has inevitably attracted most attention.

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• CLASS SYSTEM iii. In the Parthian and Sasanian Periods

  Mansour Shaki

  The scant and fragmentary information available on the Parthian period does not permit a comprehensive descrip­tion of social structure; in fact, the vast but decentralized empire encompassed a variety of social structures.

• BYZANTINE-IRANIAN RELATIONS

  A. Shapur Shahbazi

  From the middle of the 1st century B.C. the Middle East was dominated by the political rivalries of the empires of Rome and Iran.  In 298 a treaty of peace had been signed between the Roman and Sasanian emperors; it lasted until after Constantine’s conversion to Christianity.

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• GREECE x. GREEK MEDICINE IN PERSIA

  Gül Russell

  The question of Greek medicine in Iran is closely bound up with the history of Greco-Arabic medicine, which developed with the impetus of the “translation movement” between the 8th and the 10th centuries.

• HAFEZ ix. HAFEZ AND MUSIC

  Franklin Lewis

  The poetics of Hafez depends on a sensuality of language and imagery. Smell, taste, texture, color and certainly sound imagery abound. Translations and adaptations from Hafez have repeatedly been set to music of the Western classical music tradition. 

• ARDAŠĪR I i. History

  Joseph Wiesehöfer

  by 224 extended his sway over Persis and beyond into Elymais (Ḵūzestān) and Kermān, forcing to submission many local kings and vassals of the Parthians. The extent of his original realm cannot be determined precisely.

• ARMENIA AND IRAN iii. Armenian Religion

  J. R. Russell

  In the formative period the Armenians appear to have absorbed Hurrian, Hittite, and Urartian elements in their religious beliefs. Iran, however, was to be the dominant influence in Armenian spiritual culture.

• ḴOSROW II

  James Howard-Johnston

  the last great king of the Sasanian dynasty (590-628 CE). The principal extant history of the period, written in Armenia in the early 650s, was appropriately entitled The History of Khosrow. He is rightly accorded a great deal of space in the Šāh-nāma of Ferdowsi.

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• VENDĪDĀD i. Survey of the history and contents of the text

  William W. Malandra

  Of the three major divisions of the 21 Nasks of the Sasanian Avesta, the Vendīdād was the last of those called dādīg “dealing with law,” and 19th overall. 

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• RUSSIA i. Russo-Iranian Relations up to the Bolshevik Revolution

  Elena Andreeva

  Prior to the 18th century, Iran and Russia treated each other as equal in their sporadic trade and diplomatic contacts. The fragmentation of Iran during the 18th century encouraged Russian aspirations to establish its domination in the Caucasus and the Caspian.

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• EREVAN

  Erich Kettenhofen, George A. Bournoutian and Robert H. Hewsen

  ancient city and modern capital of the Republic of Armenia. After the Qara Qoyunlu made Erevan the administrative center of the Ararat region in the 15th century, travelers and historians frequently mentioned it as a major city of the region. 

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• ARMENIA AND IRAN ii. The pre-Islamic period

  M. L. Chaumont

  under Darius and Xerxes had much narrower boundaries than the future Armenia of the Artaxiads and the Arsacids.

• ESFANDĪĀR (1)

  Ehsan Yarshater

  son of Goštāsp, Kayanian prince of Iranian legendary history and hero of Zoroastrian holy wars, best known for his tragic combat with with Rostam, the mightiest warrior of Iranian national epic.

• JADE iii. Jade Carving, 4th century B.C.E to 15th century C.E.

  Manuel Keene

  The eleven ancient and medieval jades illustrated in the plates are representatives of a very large and expanding corpus of ancient and medieval Iranian jades. 

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• TAVERNIER, JEAN-BAPTISTE

  Pierre-François Burger

  merchant, traveler, and author of Les six voyages and other works.

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• Greece ii. Greco-Persian Cultural Relations

  Margaret C. Miller

  This article is addresses the evidence for receptivity to Persian culture in Greece, the North Aegean, and West Anatolia, including receptivity on the part of the non-Greek peoples of these regions.

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• MIDDLE PERSIAN LITERATURE i. PAHLAVI LITERATURE

  Carlo G. Cereti

  the writings of the Zoroastrians in the Middle Persian language and Book Pahlavi script, which were compiled in the 9th and the 10th centuries CE.

• SASANIAN DYNASTY

  A. Shapur Shahbazi

  The Sasanian dynasty represented the last Persian lineage of rulers to achieve hegemony over much of Western Asia before Islam, ruled 224 CE–650 CE.