Search Results

• ḠOJDOVĀNI

  Cross-Reference

   See ʿABD-AL-ḴĀLEQ ḠOJDOVĀNI.

• IQĀN

  cross-reference

  See KETĀB-E IQĀN.

• ABŪ MANṢŪR ʿABD-AL-RAZZĀQ

  Dj. Khaleghi-Motlagh

  a dehqān (landowner) of Ṭūs, official under the Samanids, and patron of a lost prose Šāh-nāma (Šāh-nāma-ye Abū Manṣūrī).

• ARAB-SASANIAN COINS

  M. Bates

  Arab-Sasanian is a term applied to several different coinages of early Islamic Iran which were issued under Arab authority using the design and inscriptions of the preceding Sasanian coinage.

• BANŪ MONAJJEM

  D. Pingree

  a family of intellectuals, closely connected to the caliphs of the 9th-10th centuries and claiming descent from an ancient Iranian lineage.

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• KAMĀNČA

  Stephen Blum

  (lit. “small bow”), the most common term throughout much of the Iranian world for a spike fiddle with a small, often spherical, resonating chamber.

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• COLOGNE MANI CODEX

  Werner Sundermann

  or Codex Manichaicus Coloniensis, a lump of parchment fragments the size of a matchbox, containing a portion of the life and teachings of Mani, discovered in 1969 at an indeterminate spot in the area of Asyūṭ (ancient Lycopolis) in upper Egypt, the smallest ancient codex known to date.

• EBRĀHĪM ṬEHRĀNĪ

  Priscilla P. Soucek

  also known as Mīrzā ʿAmū, a 19th century calligrapher specializing in the nastaʿlīq script.

• STEIN, (Marc) Aurel

  Susan Whitfield

  , Sir, Hungarian–British archeologist and explorer (b. Pest, Hungary, 26 November 1862; d. Kabul, 28 October 1943).

• ḤASANVAND

  Pierre Oberling

  a Lor tribe of the Piškuh region in Lorestān. In the 1870s it numbered some 2,500 families distributed among 16 tiras.

• JUNGE, PETER JULIUS

  A. Shapur Shahbazi

  German ancient historian and Iranologist (1913-1943).

• ALBUQUERQUE, ALFONSO DE

  J. Aubin

  (ca. 1460-1515), admiral in the Indian Ocean (1504, 1506-08), second governor of Portuguese India (1509-15), a great conqueror, and the real founder of the Portuguese empire in the Orient.

• AYĀDGĀR Ī WUZURGMIHR

  S. Shaked

  a popular-religious andarz composition in Pahlavi, attributed to one of the best-known sages of the Sasanian period, Wuzurgmihr (Bozorgmehr) ī Buxtagān, who was active at the court of Ḵosrow I Anōšīravān (531-79 A.D.).

• ARMENIA AND IRAN iii. Armenian religion

  J. R. Russell

• BOZPAYIT

  James R. Russell

  Middle Persian name, attested only in Armenian, of a Zoroastrian school or body of religious teaching in the Sasanian period.

• DEJLA

  Cross-Reference

  See ARVAND-RŪD; TIGRIS.

• FALAKĪ ŠARVĀNĪ, Abu’l-Neẓām Moḥammad

  François de Blois

  or ŠERVĀNĪ, a Persian poet of the first half of the 12th century.

• TAʿLIM O TARBIAT

  Nassereddin Parvin

  monthly periodical published by the Ministry of Culture (April 1925-March 1927, April 1934-July 1938). 

• GOLDEN HORDE

  Peter Jackson

  name given to the Mongol Khanate ruled by the descendants of Joči (Juji; d. 1226-27), the eldest son of Čengiz (Genghis) Khan.

• ABU’L-QĀSEM HĀRŪN

  K. A. Luther

  Vizier of Atabeg Ozbek b. Moḥammad b. Eldagōz, ruler of Azerbaijan, 607-22/1210-25.

• ARBĀB ROSTAM GĪV

  Cross-Reference

  See GĪV.

• BARAŠNOM

  M. Boyce

  the chief Zoroastrian purification rite, consisting of a triple cleansing, with gōmēz (cow’s urine), dust, and water, followed by nine nights’ seclusion.

• KALĀT-E NĀDERI

  Xavier de Planhol

  an elevated, isolated plateau in the mountains of Khorasan, some 150 km north of Mašhad, edged with steep cliffs that transform it into an almost inaccessible natural fortress. 

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• CONVERSION

  Multiple Authors

  the act of adopting another religion.

• FOQQĀʿ

  Sayyed Mohammad Dabirsiaghi

  an effervescent drink preserved in heavy and usually rounded clay vessels.

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• ḤAYYA ʿALĀ ḴAYR AL-ʿAMAL

  Meir M. Bar-Asher

  a religious formula, meaning “Come to the best of actions,” included in the call to prayer (aḏān) by all three major branches of Shiʿism, Twelvers, Zaydis and Ismaʿilis.

• AB-ANBĀR

  R. Holod, M. Sotūda

  "Water reservoir,” a term commonly used throughout Iran as a designation for roofed underground water cisterns.

• ʿALĪ B. ʿĪSĀ B. MĀHĀN

  Ch. Pellat

  (d. 812), officer in the service of the ʿAbbasids.

• ĀZĀD BELGRĀMĪ

  M. Siddiqi

  Major Indo-Muslim poet, biographer, and composer of chronograms, also known as Ḥassān-al-Hend (fl. 1116-1200/1704-86).

• BABYLONIA ii. Babylonian Influences on Iran

  G. Gnoli

  In the Achaemenid period, the influence of Babylonia was strong in the fields of the arts, science, religion, and religious policies, even affecting the concept of kingship.

• BŪDANA

  cross-reference

  See BELDERČĪN.

• DENŠAPUH

  James Russell

  short form of Vehdenšapuh; Sasanian hambārakapet (quartermaster) involved in the campaign of Yazdagerd II (438-57) to force Christian Armenians to abjure their faith and return to Zoroastrianism; a gem bearing his name is preserved in the British Museum in London.

• DUMÉZIL, Georges

  Bruce Lincoln

   (1898-1986), French comparatist philologist and religious studies scholar. Among the most significant later modifications in Dumézil's views was his decision to abandon the claim that Indo-European society was originally divided into three functional groupings, whose defining characteristics were then inscribed in myth, ritual, and the structure of the pantheon. Rather, he came to regard the tripartite system as an “ideology,” a collective ideal.

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• GOLŠANI, MOḤYI MOḤAMMAD

  Tahsin Yazici

  b. Fatḥ-Allāh b. Abi Ṭāleb (1528/29-1606/7), scholar and author in Persian and Turkish and inventor of an artificial language.

• IRANIAN IDENTITY i. PERSPECTIVES

  Ahmad Ashraf

  Perspectives on Iranian identity have been influenced by competing views on the origins of nations.

• ABŪ ṢĀLEḤ MANṢŪR (I) NŪḤ

  C. E. Bosworth

  (350-66/961-76), Samanid ruler in Transoxania and Khorasan and successor of his brother ʿAbd-al-Malek after the latter’s death in Šawwāl, 350/November, 961.

• ARDAŠĪR-ḴORRA

  C. E. Bosworth

  one of the five administrative divisions (kūra) of Fārs, in Sasanian and early Islamic times.

• BARLAAM AND IOSAPH

  J. P. Asmussen

  Persian Belawhar o Būdāsaf, a Greek Christian or Christianized novel of Buddhist origins. All the manuscripts are later than 1500. Being extremely popular it received various accretions and was often translated.

• KĀNUN-E PARVAREŠ-E FEKRI-E KUDAKĀN VA NOWJAVĀNĀN

  Fereydoun Moezi Moghadam

  an institute with a wide range of cultural, artistic, and educational activities for children and adolescents, founded in December 1965.

• COUP D’ETAT OF 1299/1921

  Niloofar Shambayati

  the military coup that eventually led to the founding of the Pahlavi dynasty.

• EḤSĀN-AL-ʿOLŪM

  Cross-Reference

  See FARĀBĪ.