Search Results

• ARCHITECTURE v. Islamic, pre-Safavid

  O. Grabar

  The beginnings of an Islamic architecture in Iran are still almost impossible to identify properly. Remaining monuments are few, most of them are very uncertainly dated, and literary information is scanty or difficult to interpret.

• CRANE

  Hūšang Aʿlam

  (kolang), any of the large migratory wading birds of the family Gruidae. The kolang is mentioned in the Bundahišn as one of 110 species of birds. In classi­cal Persian poetry the crane’s ability to fly high and far; its order, discipline, and characteristic whooping sounds in flight are mentioned.

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• EJTEHĀD

  Aron Zysow

  in Shiʿism, an Arabic verbal noun having the literal sense of "exerting effort."

• ʿALĀʾ-Al-SALṬANA

  BĀQER ʿĀQELI

  prime minister and diplomat of the late Qajar period (b. ca. 1929, d. 14 Ramażān 1336/23 June 1918). 

• FRANCE xi. PERSIAN ART AND ART COLLECTIONS IN FRANCE

  Yves Porter

  French collections, both public and private, contain hundreds of Persian works of art. Some of these reached France during the Middle Ages, notably after the Crusades, but most of the great collections containing Persian art were created during the second half of the 19th century.

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• ḤEJĀZ

  Jean During

  in Persian music, an important modal type (šāh-guša) of the Persian radif.

• ʿABBĀS B. ḤOSAYN

  C. Cahen

  Buyid vizier, d. 362/973.

• ʿALĪ-MOḤAMMAD WARQĀ

  Cross-Reference

  MĪRZĀ. See WARQĀ.

• ʿAZĪZ NASAFĪ

  Cross-Reference

  See NASAFĪ, ʿAZĪZ.

• ČĀČ

  C. Edmund Bosworth

  (Ar. Šāš), the name of a district and of a town in medieval Transoxania; the name of the town was gradually supplanted by that of Tashkent from late Saljuq and Mongol times onwards.

• RISHAR KHAN

  Shireen Mahdavi

  (Rišār Khan), the Persian name of Jules Richard (1816-1891), a Frenchman in the service of Persian government as a language instructor at Dār al-Fonun College, court photographer, and translator.  

• DHALLA, DASTUR MANECKJI NUSSERWANJI

  Kaikhusroo M. JamaspAsa

  (b. 22 September 1875, Surat; d. 25 May 1956, Karachi), Parsi priest and scholar.

• ROBINSON, Samuel

  Parvin Loloi

  (1794-1884), British scholar of Persian, translator, cotton manufacturer, and educationalist.

• GORGĀN BAY

  Cross-Reference

  See ASTARĀBĀD BAY.

• ABZŌN

  M. F. Kanga

  Middle Persian term meaning “prosperity, increase” in Zoroastrianism.

• ARJĀSP

  A. Tafażżolī

  a chief of the Iranian tribe of the Xyōns and an enemy of Kay Goštāsp, patron of Zoroaster.

• BASRA

  F. M. Donner

  (Ar. al-Baṣra), town located near the Šaṭṭ al-ʿArab river in southern Iraq, predominantly Arab, possessing a rich political, cultural, and economic history. This article concentrates mainly on describing the town’s many significant ties with Iran.

• AVICENNA x. Medicine and Biology

  B. Musallam

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• ČUPĀNĪĀN

  Cross-Reference

  See CHOBANIDS; ČOBĀN.

• ELĪJĀ BAR ŠĪNĀJĀ

  Wolfgang Felix

  (975-1049) prominent Nestorian polyhistor.

• BINYON, (ROBERT) LAURENCE

  Parvin Loloi

  (1869-1943), prolific English poet, translator, art historian and critic, notably of Oriental art.

• FRENCH REVOLUTION

  Cross-reference

  and Persia. See FRANCE ii and FRANCE iii.

• HEPHTHALITES

  A. D. H. Bivar

  (Arabic Hayṭāl, pl. Hayāṭela), a people who formed apparently the second wave of “Hunnish” tribal invaders to impinge on the Iranian and Indian worlds from the mid-fourth century CE.

• ʿABD-AL-ḠANĪ KHAN

  M. Baqir

  Indian literary scholar and a poet in Persian and Urdu (d. 1916).

• ALLĀHDĪĀ ČEŠTĪ

  G. Sarwar

  Mughal author of Sīar al-aqṭāb, a biography of the masters of the Ṣāberī Češtī Sufi order (17th century).

• BĀBĀ SANKŪ

  H. Algar

  ecstatic Central Asian dervish of disorderly habits, contemporary with Timur (d. 1405) and one of several Sufis with whom Timur chose to associate for reasons of state.

• ČAHĀRDAH MAʿṢŪM

  Hamid Algar

  the fourteen inerrant or immaculate personages venerated by Twelver Shiʿites, i.e., the Prophet Moḥammad, his daughter Fāṭema, and the twelve imams.

• KĀMI AḤMED ÇELEBI

  Osman G. Özgüdenlī

   Ottoman scholar, judge, writer, and translator.

• DĪNAVAR

  C. Edmund Bosworth

  (occasionally vocalized Daynavar), in the first centuries of Islam an important town in Jebāl, now ruined.

• MAʾMUN

  C. Edmund Bosworth

  , Abu’l-ʿAbbās ʿAbd-Allāh, the seventh Abbasid caliph (r. 813-833), son of Hārun-al-Rašid (d. 809) by a Persian concubine.

• GOWHAR-ŠĀD ĀḠĀ

  Beatrice Forbes Manz

  wife of Sultan Šāhroḵ b. Timur (r. 1409-47) and daughter of Ḡiāṯ-al-Din Tarḵān, a ranking amir under Timur.

• ISFAHAN SCHOOL OF PHILOSOPHY

  Sajjad H. Rizvi

  term coined to describe a philosophical and mystical movement patronized by the court of Shah ʿAbbās I (r. 1588-1629), centered in the new Safavid capital of Isfahan.

• ʿĀDEL SHAH AFŠĀR

  J. R. Perry

  the royal title of ʿAlī-qolī Khan, r. 1160-61/1747-48, nephew and successor of Nāder Shah (q.v.).

• ARSLĀNŠĀH B. KERMĀNŠĀH

  Cross-Reference

  See SALJUQS OF KERMĀN.

• BĀYBŪRTLŪ

  P. Oberling

  (also Bāybūrdlū), a Turkic tribe of northwestern Iran whose only vestiges seem to be the names of a few historical personalities.

• BAZAR ii. Organization and Function

  Willem Floor

  Both weekly market days and regular fairs occurred in pre-Islamic times. Among the latter, for example, was the bāzār of Māḵ in Bukhara.

• DABĪRESTĀN

  secondary school. See EDUCA­TION.

• ʿEMĀMA

  Cross-Reference

  the turban. See ʿAMĀMA.

• MACKENZIE, DAVID NEIL

  Desmond Durkin-Meisterernst

  (1926-2001), distinguished British scholar of Middle and Modern Iranian languages with an impressive record of publications.

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• GAUB(A)RUVA

  Rüdiger Schmitt

  Old Persian personal name.

• ʿABD-AL-MALEK B. NŪḤ

  C. E. Bosworth

  the penultimate ruler of the Samanid dynasty in Khorasan and Transoxania, r. 389/999.

• AMĀNAT

  M. Baqir

  12th/18th century poet in Persian who imitated the style of his teacher, Mīrzā ʿAbd-al-Qāder Bīdel.