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• HERODOTUS i. INTRODUCTION TO THE HISTORIES

  Robert Rollinger

  Philologists of Hellenistic times divided Herodotus’s opus magnuminto nine books and subdivided these into chapters.

• ISMAʿILISM xvi. MODERN ISMAʿILI COMMUNITIES

  Azim Nanji and Zulfikar Hirji

  The Ismaʿilis consist of two main branches—the Nezāri Ismaʿilis and the Mustaʿlian Ṭayyebi Ismaʿilis. Both have their roots in the Fatimid period of Ismaʿili history.

• HORMOZD III

  A. Shapur Shahbazi

  Sasanian great king (r. 457-59 C.E.). He was the eldest son and heir of Yazdegerd II and “was king of Sejestān" (Ṭabari).

• DONKEY ii. Domestication in Iran

  Daniel T. Potts

  The domestication of the African ass (Equus africanus) and the development of the donkey (Equus asinus) for transport and traction have been discussed in the scholarly literature for many years.

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• IRAN vii. NON-IRANIAN LANGUAGES (8) Semitic Languages

  Gernot Windfuhr

   First Aramaic and then Arabic had considerable contact with Iranian languages. Their impact differs.

• ʿARAB iv. Arab tribes of Iran

  P. Oberling and B. Hourcade

• EDUCATION viii. NURSERY SCHOOLS AND KINDERGARTENS

  Tūrān Mīrhādī

  The beginnings of formalized preschool education in Persia can be traced back to ca. 1891, when Armenians in Jolfā, near Isfahan, founded a kindergarten, which continues to function today. By 1919 there were a few kindergartens in Tehran and other cities, primarily founded by missionaries and minority groups.

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• AZERBAIJAN iii. Pre-Islamic History

  K. Schippmann

• FRANCE iii. RELATIONS WITH PERSIA 1789-1918

  Florence Hellot-Bellier

• KANDAHAR i. Historical Geography to 1979

  Xavier de Planhol

  city in southern Afghanistan (lat 31°36′28″ N, long 65°42′19″ E), the second most important in the country and the capital of Kandahar province.

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• CHINESE-IRANIAN RELATIONS v. Diplomatic and Commercial Relations, 1949-90

  Parviz Mohajer

• CENTRAL ASIA xiii. Iranian Languages

  Ivan M. Steblin-Kamenskij

• CENTRAL ASIA i. Geographical Survey

  EIr

• GREAT BRITAIN iv. British influence in Persia, 1900-21

  Mansour Bonakdarian

• CHINESE-IRANIAN RELATIONS iii. In the Mongol Period

  Liu Yingsheng and Peter Jackson

• DĀNEŠ (1)

  ʿAlī-Akbar Saʿīdī Sīrjānī

  pen name of MOʿĪN-AL-WEZĀRA MĪRZĀ REŻĀ KHAN ARFAʿ (Arfaʿ-al-Dawla; ca. 1846-1937), also known as Prince Reżā Arfaʿ, diplomat and poet of the late Qajar period.

• DU MANS, RAPHAEL

  Francis Richard

  , FATHER (b. Jacques Dutertre, Le Mans, France, d. Isfahan, 1 April 1696), author of important descriptions of Persia.

• MANDAEANS i. HISTORY

  Edmondo F. Lupieri

  an ethnic group (also called Nasoreans or Ar. Ṣābeʾin) belonging to one of the less represented religions of the Near East.

• GEORGIA iv. Literary contacts with Persia

  Aleksandre Gvakharia

  The tribes of Georgia had a well-established and vast literary tradition and folklore long before the Christian era. None of the pre-Christian Georgian literary works have survived, however. Christianity became established in Georgia as an official religion at the beginning of the 4th century, and in the 5th century the first surviving literary work was created.

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• GĪLĀN x. LANGUAGES

  Donald Stilo

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• KASHAN i. GEOGRAPHY

  Habibollah Zanjani and EIr.

  Covering an area of approximately 9,647 km2, the sub-province of Kashan is situated between the Karkas mountains on the west to the Central Desert on the east.

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• AFGHANISTAN vii. Parāčī

  G. Morgenstierne

• IRAN vii. NON-IRANIAN LANGUAGES (5) Kassite

  Gernot Windfuhr

  The Kassites, Akkadian Kaššu, were mountain tribes probably somewhere in the central Zagros who ruled Babylon from the sixteenth to the middle of the twelfth century BCE.

• EDUCATION iv. THE MEDIEVAL MADRASA

  Christopher Melchert

• Isfahan xiv. MODERN ECONOMY AND INDUSTRIES (1) The Province

  Habib Borjian

  On the whole Isfahan is an average province within Persia in terms of general economic indices.

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• CENTRAL ASIA viii. Relations with Persia in the 19th Century

  Abbas Amanat

• CLOTHING xxv. Clothing of the Baḵtīārīs and other Lori speaking tribes

  Jean-Pierre Digard

  Members of the Lori-speaking ethnic groups, including the Lors themselves, the Baḵtīārīs, and the Boīr-Aḥmadīs are characterized by similar styles of dress, with variations reflecting differences in tribe and social class of the wearer, variations that can have strong symbolic meaning, particularly among the Baḵtīārīs.

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• HAJIABAD

  Philippe Gignoux, EIr

  (Ḥājiābād), site of bilingual inscription of Šāpur I on the wall of a cave near Persepolis. OVERVIEW of the entry: i. The Inscriptions. ii. The Texts.

• HAMADĀN v - vi. HISTORY, ISLAMIC PERIOD

  Parviz Aḏkāʾi

  Hamadān was captured by the Arabs after their victory at the battle of Nehāvand, which took place in 640 or 642. The Arab army besieged the town and eventually conquered it for the second time in 22/642.

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• CARPETS v. Flat-woven carpets: Techniques and structures

  Sarah B. Sherrill

  Most of the structures in Persian flat-woven carpets belong to the category called “interlacing” by textile specialists; the term designates the most straightforward way in which each thread of a fabric passes under or over threads that cross its path.

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• GĪLĀN iv. History in the Early Islamic Period

  Wilferd Madelung

• INDIA xxvi. MUTUAL MUSICAL INFLUENCES

  cross-reference

    See under MUSIC.

• AFGHANISTAN ii. Flora

  M. Šafīq Yūnos

• IRAN vii. NON-IRANIAN LANGUAGES (3) Elamite

  Gernot Windfuhr

  Elamite was spoken in the southern Zagros regions, which correspond to the ancient cultural-political entities of Elam and Anshan, and expanded into Akkadian-speaking Susiana.

• Isfahan x. Monuments (6) Bibliography

  Sussan Babaie with Robert Haug

• ADAB i. Adab in Iran

  Dj. Khaleghi-Motlagh

  Apart from a genre of literature (see section ii), adab in Persian means education, culture, good behavior, politeness, proper demeanor; thus it is closely linked with the concept of ethics.

• CYRUS iii. Cyrus II The Great

  Muhammad A. Dandamayev

• ISMAʿILISM i. ISMAʿILI STUDIES

  Farhad Daftary

  In its modern and scientific form, dating to the 1930s, Ismaʿili studies represents one of the newest fields of Islamic studies.

• Italy vii. IRANIAN STUDIES, ISLAMIC PERIOD

  Mario Casari

  The earliest known references to Persia by Italian writers are gleaned from numerous notes in the oldest medieval travel accounts, dating from the 13th century onwards.

• CLOTHING xvii. Clothing of the Kurdish Jews

  Ora Shwartz-Beeri

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• DĀMḠĀNĪ (2)

  Sheila S. Blair

  nesba of a father and two sons from Dāmḡān who worked as engineers, builders, and stucco carvers in the early 14th century.

• FĀRS iii. History in the Islamic Period

  A. K. S. Lambton

  Although the Arabs did not take over the Sasanian system of quadrants, they kept the division of Fārs into five kūras, a division which continued until the 6th/12th century. Shiraz, a continuously inhabited site which may go back to Sasanian or even earlier times, became and has remained the provincial capital.

• EGYPT iii. Relations in the Seleucid and Parthian periods

  Heinz Heinen

• JAPAN vi. IRANIAN STUDIES IN JAPAN, PRE-ISLAMIC PERIOD

  Takeshi Aoki

  Ancient Iranian studies in Japan started at the beginning of the 20th century in Tokyo and Kyoto independently.

• TAQIYA iii. AMONG BABIS AND BAHAIS

  Kamran Ekbal

  Dissimulation of the faith was widespread among Babis and Bahais until the early years of the ministry of Shoghi Effendi (1921-57), when he, in a number of messages starting in 1927, prohibited its practice.

• HAMADĀN

  Multiple Authors

  province, governorship, and city located in the Zagros region of western Persia.

• INDIA xxiii. INDIAN INFLUENCE ON PERSIAN CINEMA

  cross-reference

  See x, above.

• IRAN vi. IRANIAN LANGUAGES AND SCRIPTS (1) Earliest Evidence

  Prods Oktor Skjærvø

  The Indo-Aryan and Iranian tribes separated about 2000 BCE., but attempts to correlate the proto-Indo-Iranians with archeological sites are all problematic.

• IRAQ iv. RELATIONS IN THE SAFAVID PERIOD

  Rudi Matthee

  Iraq was frequently the scene and the object of the intermittent wars the Ottomans and the Safavids fought in the 16th and early 17nth century.

• Isfahan x. MONUMENTS (1) A Historical Survey

  Sussan Babaie with Robert Haug

   Isfahan’s monuments developed, in the Islamic era: first, in the early medieval period under the ʿAbbāsid Caliphate and Buyid patronage. Many of the extant monuments of Isfahan, however, date to two periods in history when the city served as the capital of the ruling dynasties of the Great Saljuqs (1040-1194) and the Safavids (1501-1722).

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