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• Italy iv. TRAVEL ACCOUNTS

  Michele Bernardini, Anna Vanzan

  Italian travel accounts represent a major source for the history of Iran, especially that of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance.

• HISTORIOGRAPHY v. TIMURID PERIOD

  Maria Szuppe

  Timurid historiography is firmly rooted within the Persian literary tradition of official court histories of the post-Mongol period.

• CLOTHING xiii. Clothing in Afghanistan

  Nancy Hatch Dupree

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• EGYPT viii. Egyptian cultural influence in Persia, modern times

  E. Yarshater

• HAFEZ xii. HAFEZ AND THE VISUAL ARTS

  Priscilla Soucek

  The 16th century constitutes the apex in production for illustrated copies of Hafez’s Divān; they were made in several places for a range of patrons. The largest group of the illustrated Hafez manuscripts was produced in Shiraz, the most impressive among them dating to the 1580s.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• Japan iii. Japanese Travelers to Persia

  Tadahiko Ohtsu and Hashem Rajabzadeh

  It was only in 1854 that relations with foreign countries were resumed. This process gathered pace with the advent of the Meiji period (1868-1912), when the Japanese were allowed to go on official visits abroad.

• AZERBAIJAN iv. Islamic History to 1941

  C. E. Bosworth

• GERMANY iv. Iranian studies in German: Islamic Period

  Bert G. Fragner

  Until World War I, there were only a few scholars concentrating on subjects specifically Iranian, but many Orientalists did not refrain from dealing with Iranian, particularly Persian, affairs.

• INDIA xiii. INDO-IRANIAN COMMERCIAL RELATIONS

  Scott C. Levi

  Since antiquity merchants have used both caravan and maritime routes to transport commodities between India and Persia.

• BAM (1)

  W. Eilers

  (also written bām) “bass,” the lowest-pitched string in music. The etymology is discussed.