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• CHAVANNES, EMMANUEL-ÉDOUARD

  Werner Sundermann

  (b. Lyons, France, 5 October 1865, d. Fontenay-aux-Roses, 29 January 1918), French sinologist who also contributed to the study of Iranian history and religions.

• AVICENNA i. Introductory note

  M. Mahdi

• KURDISH WRITTEN LITERATURE

  Philip G. Kreyenbroek

  Written, “elevated” poetry traditionally played a less prominent role in Kurdish society than folk poetry (q.v.) did. The number of written literary works in Kurdish is far smaller than in the surrounding cultures.

• ḤALABI, MAḤMUD

  Mahmoud Sadri

  , Shaikh (1900-1998), charismatic cleric and founder of the Ḥojjatiya Association (Anjoman-e Ḥojjatiya), whose primary objective was to meet the polemical challenge of the Bahai faith and the perceived danger of its aggressive missionary activity in Persia. It was terminated after the Islamic revolution of 1979

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• JAVĀNRUD

  ʿAbd-Allāh Marduḵ and EIr.

  a city and a sub-province (šahrestān) in the northwest of Kermānšāhān Province near the border with Iraq at about 110 km southwest of Sanandaj sub-province.

• PROSODY ii. New Persian

  Cross-Reference

  The study of poetic metre and of the art of versification, including rhyme, stanzaic forms, and the quantity and stress of syllables. See ʿARUŻ. 

  See also BALUCHISTAN iiia. Baluchi Poetry.

• ASTARĀBĀD BAY

  E. Ehlers

  a lagoon in the extreme southeastern corner of the Caspian Sea.

• BISOTUN

  Multiple Authors

  (Bīsetūn, Bīstūn, Behistun), the modern name of a cliff rising on the north side of the age-old caravan trail and main military route from Babylon and Baghdad over the Zagros mountains to Hamadān).

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• DARYĀBEYGĪ

  Guity Nashat

  lit. "sea lord"; originally an Ottoman naval title dating from the 15th century.

• EŠQ

  Cross-Reference

  See LOVE.

• POLEMICS i. BETWEEN SHIʿITES AND JEWS

  Daniel Tsadik

  Twelver (Eṯnā ʿAšari Emāmi) Shiʿite polemics refer here to arguments gleaned from compositions written by Shiʿites.

• GEREH-SĀZĪ

  Marcus Milwright

  (lit. "making knot”), a form of geometric interlaced strapwork ornament that is commonly found in architecture and the minor arts throughout the Islamic world. In Persian Islamic architecture gereh-sāzī designs exist in a variety of media, particularly cut brickwork (bannāʾī), stucco, and cut tilework (mosaic faïence).

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• IJI, ʿAŻOD-AL-DIN

  Cross-Reference

  See ʿAŻOD-AL-DIN IJI.

• ABŪ BAKR ṬŪSĪ ḤAYDARĪ

  B. Lawrence

  7th/13th century Indo-Muslim saint.

• ANJOMAN-E TĀRĪḴ-E AFḠĀNESTĀN

  R. Farhādī

  (Historical Society of Afghanistan), founded in 1942  to disseminate information about the history of Afghanistan by conducting research, promoting scholarship, and publishing scholarly works.

• BAKU

  S. Soucek, R. G. Suny

  (Pers. Bādkūba), capital city of the Republic of Azerbaijan and one of the chief ports on the Caspian sea.

• CHRONICLE OF EDESSA

  Sebastian P. Brock

  a short local history of Edessa (modern Urfa), written in Syriac by an anonymous author and covering chiefly the period from 201-540 C.E.

• EBN ḴĀLAWAYH, ABŪ ʿABD-ALLĀH ḤOSAYN

  Michael G. Carter

  b. Aḥmad b. Ḥamdān Hamaḏānī, philologist and Koran scholar.

• NISHAPUR i. Historical Geography and History to the Beginning of the 20th Century

  C. Edmund Bosworth

  Nishapur (Nišāpur) was, with Balḵ, Marv and Herat, one of the four great cities of the province of Khorasan.  It flourished in Sasanid and early Islamic times, but after the devastations of the Mongol invasions of the 13th century, subsided into a more modest role until it revived in the 20th century.

• SOGDIAN TRADE

  Etienne de la Vaissiere

  The people of Sogdiana were the main caravan merchants of Central Asia from the 5th to the 8th century.

• ḤĀMED BAL-ḴEŻR AL-ḴOJANDI

  David Pingree

  , ABU MAḤMUD, mathematician and astronomer of the 10th century. His nesba suggests that he originated from Ḵojand in Ferḡāna.

• JEVDET PASHA

  Osman G. Özgüdenli

  (1823-1895), Ottoman writer, historian, jurist, and statesman.

• ĀḴŪNDZĀDA

  H. Algar

  (in Soviet usage, AKHUNDOV), Azerbaijani playwright and propagator of alphabet reform (1812-78).

• ATĀBAKĀN-E MARĀḠA

  K. A. Luther

   a family of local rulers of Marāḡa who ruled from the early 6th/12th century until 605/1208-09.

• BOḴĀRĪ, ʿALĀʾ-AL-DĪN

  Wilferd Madelung

  ABŪ ʿABD-ALLĀH MOḤAMMAD b. ʿAbd-al-Raḥmān b. Aḥmad, Hanafite scholar of feqh, legal method, kalām theology, and preacher and moftī in Bukhara (d. 1151).

• DĀTA

  Rüdiger Schmitt

  Old Iranian term for “law” attested both in Avestan texts (Old and Younger Av. dāta-) and in Achaemenid royal inscriptions.

• ETTEFĀQ

  Nassereddin Parvin

  title of five Persian newspapers.

• ARMY i. Pre-Islamic Iran

  A. Sh. Shahbazi

• MANICHEAN ART

  Zsuzsanna Gulacsi

  term referring to objects with aesthetic appeal that were made for, and/or used in association with,  the Manichean religion. With the exception of a rock-crystal seal in the collection of the Bibliothèque Nationale de France in Paris,  no other item of Manichean art is known from Sasanian Mesopotamia, where the religion had originated.

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• GĪĀṮ-AL-DĪN MOḤAMMAD TEHRĀNĪ

  Cross-Reference

  (d. 1622), prime minister of the Mughal emperor Jahāngīr and father of the emperor’s wife, Nūr Jahān. See GĪĀṮ BEG.

• ABU’L-FAŻL GOLPĀYEGĀNĪ

  M. Momen

  prominent Bahaʾi scholar and apologist.

• ANWĀR, SHAH QĀSEM

  Cross-Reference

  SHAH QĀSEM. See QĀSEM-E ANWĀR.

• BĀLYŪZĪ, ḤASAN MOWAQQAR

  M. Momen

  (1908-1980), Bahai author and administrator.

• ČĪT

  Jennifer M. Scarce

  cotton cloth decorated with block-printed or painted designs in multiple colors.

• EBN QOTAYBA, ABŪ MOḤAMMAD ʿABD-ALLĀH

  Franz Rosenthal

  b. Moslem DĪNAVARĪ, (828-889), important early philologist in the widest sense of the term and author of numerous works on what is known as the “Arab sciences,” including the religious sciences dealing with the Koran and Hadith.

• KALILA WA DEMNA iii. ILLUSTRATIONS

  Bernard O’Kane

  a collection of didactic animal fables, with the jackals Kalila and Demna as two of the principal characters.

• PERSONAL NAMES, IRANIAN iii. ACHAEMENID PERIOD

  Rüdiger Schmitt

  Evidence from the Achaemenid period is considerable, but in authentic sources, the inscriptions of the kings themselves, fewer than fifty names are documented in their Old Persian form.

• HARĀ BƎRƎZAITĪ

  cross-reference

  See ALBORZ.

• JORJĀNI, ZAYN-AL-DIN ESMĀʿIL

  Hušang Aʿlam

  , ZAYN-AL-DIN ESMĀʿIL b. Ḥasan, better known as Sayyed Esmāʿil Jorjāni (b. Gorgān, 1043-44?; d. Marv, 1136-37), physician who served two Khwarazmshahs (Ḵᵛārazmšāhs), Qo

• ĀL-E ZĪĀR

  Cross-Reference

  See ZIYARIDS.

• AṬṬĀR, FARĪD-AL-DĪN

  B. Reinert

  Persian poet, Sufi, theoretician of mysticism, and hagiographer, born ca. 540/1145-46 at Nīšāpūr, and died there in 618/1221.

• BOQʿA

  Hamid Algar

  the mausoleum of a sacred or revered personage, sometimes taken to include additional structures adjoining the tomb or the open space surrounding it.

• DAWLATŠĀH, AMIR

  ḎABĪH-ALLĀH ṢAFĀ

  b. Amīr ʿAlāʾ-al-Dawla Boḵtīšāh Ḡāzī SAMARQANDĪ (b. ca. 1438, d. 1494 or 1507), author of Taḏkerat al-šoʿarāʾ (Memorial of poets), a book containing biographies of about 150 poets with specimens of their poetry, as well as historical information.

• EXCAVATIONS

  Multiple Authors

• PEARL i. PRE-ISLAMIC PERIOD

  Brigitte Musche

  i. PRE-ISLAMIC PERIOD The oldest find of pearls in Persia comes from Tepe Giyan in Luristan, from levels dated to the mid-second millennium BCE.

• GIVA

  Jamshid Sadaqat-Kish

  a traditional footwear in Persia, mainly consisting of an upper part made of twined white cotton thread sewn up on the edges of a cloth and leather or rubber sole. The earliest known mention of the word giva is probably that in the Širāz-nāma (comp. ca. 1333) of Abu’l-ʿAbbās Zarkub Širāzi, where he mentions the bāzār-e giva-duzān (giva-makers’ market) of Shiraz.

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• INDUSTRIALIZATION

  Hassan Hakimian, M. Karshenas and H. Hakimian, Parvin Alizadeh

  : the foundation and development of modern industries in 20th-century Iran. Although generally characterized as an oil economy, Iran has a relatively rich history of industrialization going back to the early 20th century.

• ABŪ HĀŠEM ʿABDALLĀH

  T. Nagel

   ʿAlid figure in Shiʿite tradition.

• ĀQĀ NAJAFĪ QŪČĀNI

  A.-H. Hairi

  (1295-1362/1878-1943), religious authority and constitutionalist.

• BANDAR-E ŠĀH

  X. De Planhol

  (now Bandar-e Torkaman), a port on the southeastern Caspian Sea at the entrance of Astarābād Bay and about eight km south of the mouth of the Atrak. It was constructed from scratch during the 1930s at the terminus of the trans-Iranian railroad.