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  • ḠAFFĀRĪ, ABU’L-ḤASAN

    Cross-Reference

    See ABU’L-ḤASAN KHAN ḠAFFĀRĪ.

  • HORMOZD IV

    A. Shapur Shahbazi

    Sasanian great king (r. 579-90 CE). He succeeded Ḵosrow I Anōširavān just as the latter was negotiating a peace treaty with the Byzantine empire.

  • INDIA iv. RELATIONS: SELEUCID, PARTHIAN, SASANIAN PERIODS

    Pierfrancesco Callieri

    Seleucus I (d. 281 BCE) led an expedition to India (Matelli, 1987) ca. 305 B.C.E. It ended, however, with the cession of  territories to a new Indian king, Candragupta Maurya.

  • CARPETS iv. Knotted-pile carpets: Designs, motifs, and patterns

    Annette Ittig

    In this discussion “design” refers to the overall composition of decorative elements on a carpet; the simplest elements in designs are single motifs, which are most frequently combined in more complex units; these units in turn may be arranged in various combinations and sequences to form patterns.

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  • JUDEO-PERSIAN COMMUNITIES i. INTRODUCTION

    Houman Sarshar

    Jewish communities have been living upon the Persian plateau since ca. 721 BCE, when King Sargon II (r. 721-705 BCE) relocated large communities of conquered Israelites.

  • IRAN i. LANDS OF IRAN

    Xavier de Planhol

    This article intends to examine the relationship between Iranian culture and its natural environment.

  • ʿEBRAT, Sayyed MOḤAMMAD-QĀSEM

    Munibur Rahman

    author of ʿEbrat-nāma, a history of the reigns of Awrangzēb’s successors to 1723.

  • IRAN vii. NON-IRANIAN LANGUAGES (9) Arabic

    Gernot Windfuhr

    Most extensive was the Arab settlement in eastern Iran and Greater Khorasan (including northwestern Afghanistan, and Central Asia, including Marv and Bukhara).

  • EDUCATION x. MIDDLE AND SECONDARY SCHOOLS

    Aḥmad Bīrašk

    Modern secondary education in Persia was originally based on the 19th-century European humanistic system, focused on general knowledge and building character rather than on professional or vocational training. This philosophy dominated the Persian system until the 1960s, when reforms were introduced by American advisers.

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  • GEORGIA i. The land and the people

    Keith Hitchins

    This Article Has Images/Tables.