Table of Contents

• TIGRIS RIVER

  Daniel T. Potts

  major river arising in the Taurus mountains of eastern Turkey, fed mainly by snow melt, which flows about 2,032 km through eastern Turkey and Iraq to the Persian Gulf.

• TIŠTRYA

  Antonio Panaino

  (Pahl. Tištar, NPers. Teštar), an important Old Iranian astral divine being (yazata-), to whom the eighth hymn (Tištar Yašt) of the Later Avestan corpus was dedicated (Panaino, 1990).

• TOBACCO

  Willem Floor

  Modes of use, cultivation, and cultural connotations of Tobacco in Iran. Persian sources imply that the use of tobacco was already known in Persia before its introduction into Europe in the 1550s.

• TOḤFAT AL-AḤBĀB

  Solomon Bayevsky

  (Gift for friends), a Persian dictionary of the early Safavid period, compiled by Ḥāfeẓ Solṭān-ʿAli Owbahi Heravi in 936/1529-30.

• TOḤFAT AL-SAʿĀDA

  Solomon Bayevsky

  An early 16th-century Persian dictionary of 14,000 entries by Maḥmud b. Shaikh Żiāʾ-al-Din Moḥammad, a poet of northern India.

• TONB

  Guive Mirfendereski

  (GREATER and LESSER), two tiny islands of arguable strategic importance in the eastern Persian Gulf, south of the western tip of Qešm island.

• TOPKAPI PALACE

  Zeren Tanındı

  and its Persian holdings. The Topkapı Palace, which was known as the Yeni Saray (New Palace) until the 19th century, served the Ottoman sultans for almost 380 years as the imperial residence and center of command.

• TRAJAN

  Erich Kettenhofen

  Marcus Ulpius Traianus, Roman emperor (98-117 CE), born probably in 53 CE, and died in early August 117. During his reign, the Imperium Romanum stretched to its widest extent, but only for a short period. This entry focuses on the emperor’s Parthian campaigns, the official cause of which was the ousting of the Armenian king Axidares without the approval of Rome.

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• TREE

  Cross-Reference

  See DERAḴT.

• TUMANSKIǏ, Aleksandr Grigor’evich

  Jahangir Dorri

  (1861-1920), Russian orientalist, major-general of the Russian Imperial Army. He belonged to an ancient aristocratic family which had originated from the Great Duchy of Lithuania.

• TUP

  F. Farrokh

  (tr. by Fariydoun Farrokh as The Cannon, Washington D. C., 2009), the first full-length novel by Gholam-Hosayn Sa’edi.

• ṬURĀN

  C. E. Bosworth

  (ṬOVARĀN), the mediaeval Islamic name for the mountainous district of east-central Baluchistan lying to the north of the mediaeval coastal region of Makrān, what was in recent centuries, until 1947, the Aḥmadzay Khanate of Kalat.

• TURFAN EXPEDITIONS

  Werner Sundermann

  Turfan (also Uigur Turpan, Chin. Tulufan) in Xinjiang (Chinese Turkestan) is the largest oasis (ca. 170 square kilometers) on the ancient northern Silk Road.

• TURKEY

  Cross-Reference

  See BŪQALAMŪN.

• TURKIC LANGUAGES OF PERSIA: AN OVERVIEW

  Michael Knüppel

  Only in few other regions (Caucasus and Southern Siberia) one can find a nearly comparable diversity of Turkic languages as in Persia. The number of their speakers varies from several thousands to several millions.

• TURKIC LOANWORDS IN PERSIAN

  Michael Knüppel

  Turkic-Iranian language contacts, as well as reciprocal loaning/borrowing of words, go back to the era of the Old Turkic language. 

• TURKIC-IRANIAN CONTACTS i. LINGUISTIC CONTACTS

  John R. Perry

  Speakers of Iranian and Turkic languages have been in contact since pre-Islamic times, notably along the Inner Asian commercial corridors known collectively as the Silk Road.

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• TURKIC-IRANIAN CONTACTS ii. CHAGHATAY

  Andras J. E. Bodrogligeti

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• TURKMENS OF PERSIA ii. LANGUAGE

  Michael Knüppel

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• TURKO-SOGDIAN COINAGE

  Larissa Baratova

  issues of the khaqans (ḵāqāns) of the Western Turkic khanate in Central Asia between the 6th and 8th centuries CE, so called because the Turkic rulers issued them with Sogdian inscriptions.

• ṬUSI, NAṢIR-AL-DIN ii. AS MATHEMATICIAN AND ASTRONOMER

  George Saliba

  Naṣir-al-Din Abu Jaʿfar Moḥammad Ṭusi (1201-1274) participated in the whole spectrum of mathematical sciences that were known in antiquity, from elementary works on arithmetic to the more advanced works on geometry, and to what we would now call mathematical geography and spherical trigonometry, to astronomy proper as well as to  astrological science and the related fields of optics and trigonometry.

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• T~ CAPTIONS OF ILLUSTRATIONS

  Cross-Reference

  list of all the figure and plate images in the T entries