Table of Contents

  • SALJUQS vi. ART AND ARCHITECTURE

    Lorenz Korn

    The Saljuq period can be regarded as an epoch in which Islamic art and architecture in Persia reached maturity, i.e., in which techniques were developed and formal solutions were established that lasted for centuries to come.

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  • SAMĀʿI, ḤABIB

    MORTEZA DEHKORDI and EIr.

    (1905-46), renowned santur player.

  • SAMAK-E ʿAYYĀR

    Marina Gaillard

    a prose narrative originating in the milieu of professional storytellers, transmitted orally and written down around the 12th century.

  • SAMARQAND i. HISTORY AND ARCHEOLOGY

    Frantz Grenet

    Since the publication of the entry Afrāsiāb in 1984 new information has been brought to light on this archeological site and, consequently, on the history of pre-Mongol Samarqand.

  • SAMFONI-e MORDAGĀN

    Houra Yavari

    first novel (1989) by Abbas Maroufi, fiction writer and the founder and editor of the periodical Gardun

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  • ŠAMS-AL-DIN MOḤAMMAD

    Farhad Daftary

    (1240-1310-11), Nezāri Ismaʿili imam, the sole surviving son of Rokn-al-Din Ḵoršāh, the last lord of Alamut. The youthful Šams-al-Din was taken to a safe place; thus, escaped the tragic fate of his family, who were all murdered by the Mongols.

  • SANĀʾI

    J. T. P. de Bruijn

    (d. ca. 1130), Persian poet of the later Ghaznavid era, celebrated particularly for his homiletic poetry and his great influence on the development of mystical literature in general.

  • SANAI, MAHMOUD

    Ali Gheissari

    professor of psychology, psychoanalyst, educator, writer, translator, and government official.

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  • SAN‘ATIZADEH KERMANI, Homayun

    Cyrus Alinejad

    (1925-2009), entrepreneur, man of letters, publisher, and founding manager of Moʾassasa-ye entešārāt-e Ferānklin, who played an instrumental role in the introduction of modern publishing industries in Iran.

  • SANCISI-WEERDENBURG, HELEEN

    Amélie Kuhrt

    (1944-2000), Dutch ancient historian, specializing in classical Greek and Achaemenid history.

  • SAND GROUSE

    Eskandar Firouz

    a family (Pteroclididae) of game birds of which seven species are found in Persia, characteristic of Persia’s vast deserts and steppes. They have no affinity with true grouse and are included in the same order as pigeons (Columbiformes).

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  • ŠĀNDARMAN

    Cross-Reference

    one of the five traditional Ṭāleš khanates (Ḵamsa-ye Ṭavāleš) in western Gilān, between Ṭāleš Dulāb and Māsāl.

  • SANG-E CHAKHMAQ

    Christopher P. Thornton

    The Aceramic Neolithic phase spans Levels 2-5 of the Western Tepe. This period is notable for large mud-brick houses with plastered and red-painted floors and well-built fireplaces, some of which appear to have had ritual significance. Amongst these houses there is abundant evidence for lithic tools.

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  • SANG-E ṢABUR

    Ali Ferdowsi

    (1966, tr. by Mohammad Reza Ghanoonparvar, as The Patient Stone, 1989), the last, and arguably, the most critically acclaimed work of fiction by Sadeq Chubak.

  • SANGLĀḴ, MOḤAMMAD-ʿALI

    Maryam Ekhtiar

    (b. Qučān, Khorasan, date unknown; d. Tabriz, 3 March 1877), celebrated calligrapher and stone carver, as well as poet and author. He lived as a dervish and spent much of his time traveling, with long sojourns in the Ottoman empire and Egypt.

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  • SANJANA, Darab Dastur Peshotan

    Michael Stausberg

    (1857-1931), Zoroastrian head-priest and scholar.

  • SANJAR SHAH

    Gerd Gropp

    an archeological site in Tajikistan, discovered by a team of Soviet orientalists in 1947.

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  • SANJAR, Aḥmad b. Malekšāh

    Deborah G. Tor

    Abu’l-Ḥārith, Moʿezz-al-donyā-wa’l-din, Borhān Amir-al-Moʾmenin, first subordinate sultan of Khorasan and then Great Sultan of the Great Saljuq empire.

  • SAOŠYANT

    William Malandra

    a term in Zoroastrianism sometimes rendered as “savior.” Since the term also occurs frequently in reference to contemporary individuals, a more neutral translation such as “benefactor” or “helper” (Lommel) may be preferred. 

  • ŠĀPUR

    Multiple Authors

    Three Sasanian king of kings and a number of notables of the Sasanian and later periods were called “Shapur.”