Table of Contents

  • QĀʾĀNI

    Alyssa Gabbay

    (1808-1854), one of the most prominent poets of the Qajar era and a well-known practitioner of the Literary Return (bāzgašt-e adabi) style.

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  • QADAMGĀH

    R. Boucharlat

    an ancient site some 40 km south of the Persepolis. Its Persian name (“place of the footprints”) was explained to the 19th-century visitor as due to “the curious marks in the rocks, which are said to be the foot-prints of Ali’s horse.” The date generally accepted is the Achaemenid or the post-Achaemenid period. 

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  • QĀDESIYA, BATTLE OF

    D. Gershon Lewental

    an engagement during the mid-630s CE in which Arab Muslim warriors overcame a larger Sasanian army and paved the way for their subsequent conquest of Iran. The battle took place at a small settlement on the frontier of Sasanian Iraq.

  • QĀʾENI, Shaikh Moḥammad-ʿAli

    Minou Foadi

    (1860-1924), prominent Bahai apologist and director of the Bahai school in Ashkabad.

  • QAJAR DYNASTY viii. “Big Merchants” in the Late Qajar Period

    Gad G. Gilbar

    Big merchants (tojjār-e bozorg), reached the height of their influence in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.  They made a major contribution to the country’s economic growth and had a significant impact on key political developments in the late Qajar period.

  • QAJAR DYNASTY xii. The Qajar-Period Household

    Shireen Mahdavi

     Qajar society was pluralistic, in the sense that different groups of various social status existed in it. It was patrilineal and patriarchal, and residence after marriage was normally patrilocal.

  • QAJAR DYNASTY xiii. Children’s Upbringing in the Qajar Period

    Shireen Mahdavi

    a description of rituals and ceremonies in different periods of children's lives, as well as their education and place in household duties, during the Qajar dynasty.

  • QAJAR DYNASTY xiv. Qajar Cuisine

    Shireen Mahdavi

    Persian cuisine is an art that has evolved through centuries of refinement, culminating in the Qajar period and continuing in present-day Iran. Qajar cuisine has its origins in Iran’s ancient empires, particularly that of the Sasanians. 

  • QALA d-ŠRARA

    Eden Naby

    (The voice of truth), a monthly publication of the mainly French Catholic Lazarist Mission in Urmia which ran from 1897 to 1915. It was the second periodical to appear in Urmia wholly published in Assyrian Neo-Aramaic, after Zahrire d-bahra (1849-1918). 

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  • QALʿA-YE DOḴTAR

    Dietrich Huff

    The rocky plateau stretching in an east-west direction above the river bend was fortified against the adjoining mountainside by a traverse wall that ran up from the northern and southern cliffs to a semi-circular bastion on the spine of the crest. There are rubble stonewalls along the northern and southern precipices with fort structures on outcrops.

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  • QALAM

    Sina Goudarzi and Bahram Grami

    a common name for a reed, a perennial plant of the grass family, after its hollow stem is cut and a nib is formed on the tip for calligraphy purposes.

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  • QAMAR-AL-MOLUK VAZIRI

    Erik Nakjavani

    (1905-1959), commonly referred to as Qamar, popular, pioneering Persian mezzo-soprano. Qamar’s first formal performance as a vocalist took place at Tehran’s Grand Hotel in 1924. 

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  • QANĀT

    Cross-Reference

    earliest irrigation system in Iran. See KĀRIZ.

  • QANDRIZ, MANSUR

    Hengameh Fouladvand

    Matisse, Picasso, and Persian miniature paintings inspired Qandriz’s early figurative work. He chose, as a critic commented, “mystical symbols to combine traditional and modern elements into his abstract designs.” Imaginary elements and heavenly figures, reminiscent of spiritual quests, are characteristics of Qandriz’s early paintings.

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  • QĀNUNI, JALĀL

    Houman Sarshar

    (1900-1987), master performer of the Persian modal system (dastgāh) and expert in Daštestāni music (folk music from Fārs province).

  • QĀNUNI, RAḤIM

    Houman Sarshar

    Širāzi (1871-1944), innovator, master of Persian classical music, and teacher.

  • QARĀ ḴEṬĀY

    István Vásáry

    western branch of the Mongolic Qitans, who ruled China as the Liao from 907 to 1124.

  • QARABAGH

    Alessandro Monsutti

    (Qarabāḡ), a district (woloswāli) of Ghazni Province in Afghanistan.

  • QARAKHANIDS

    Cross-Reference

    see ILAK-KHANIDS.

  • QARMATIS

    Cross-Reference

    or QARMATIANS, the name given to the adherents of a branch of the Ismaʿili movement during the 3rd/9th century. See CARMATIANS.

  • QĀSEMI-e ḤOSAYNI-e GONĀBĀDI

    Jaʿfar Šojāʿ Keyhāni

    poet and scholar of the Safavid period.

  • QĀSEMLU, ʿABD-AL-RAḤMĀN

    Carol Prunhuber

    Qāsemlu became interested in politics in the early 1940s, when the Allied forces invaded Iran and the nascent Kurdish nationalist movement was revived during the occupation of the two Azerbaijan provinces by the Soviet forces.

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  • QAŠQĀʾI TRIBAL CONFEDERACY i. HISTORY

    Pierre Oberling

    Like most present-day tribal confederacies in Persia, the Il-e Qašqā ʾi is a conglomeration of clans of different ethnic origins, Lori, Kurdish, Arab and Turkic.

  • QAŠQĀʾI TRIBAL CONFEDERACY ii. LANGUAGE

    Michael Knüppel

    Qašqāʾi is a language of southwestern or Oghuz branch of Turkic languages, spoken in the Iranian provinces of Hamadan and Fārs, especially in the region to the north of Shiraz.

  • QAṢRĀN

    Giti Deyhim and EIr.

    a historical region located north of present-day Tehran.

  • QAWĀMI, Ḥosyan

    Morteżā Ḥoseyni Dehkordi and EIr

    (1909-1989), known also as Fāḵtaʾi, a master vocalist in the second half of the 20th century.

  • QAWL

    Philip G. Kreyenbroek

    a type of poetry that plays a central role in the religious life of the Yezidis. These hymns are chanted to music on solemn religious occasions.

  • QAYDĀFA

    Julia Rubanovich

    a female character in various Islamic versions of the Alexander Romance.

  • QĀŻI SAʿID QOMI

    Sajjad H. Rizvi

    (1640-1696), Moḥammad-Saʿid b. Moḥammad-Mofid, Shiʿite philosopher, jurist, and mystic of the Safavid period.

  • QAZI, Mohammad

    Noṣrat-Allāh Żiāʾi

    (1913-1998), noted translator.

  • QAZVINI, MOḤAMMAD

    Mahmoud Omidsalar

    (1877-1949), distinguished scholar of Persian history and literature.

  • QEPČĀQ

    Peter B. Golden

    a loosely-held union of Turkic tribes (ca. 1030-1237) deriving from the Kimek state and tribes, who came into western and central Eurasian steppes from the east.

  • QESHM ISLAND

    Daniel T. Potts

    (Jazira-ye Qešm, Ar. Jazira-al-Ṭawila); the largest island (ca. 122 km long, 18 km wide on average, 1,445 sq km) in the Persian Gulf, about 22 km south of Bandar-e ʿAbbās.

  • QEṢṢA-YE SANJĀN

    Cross-Reference

    an account of the early years of Zoroastrian settlers on the Indian subcontinent. See PARSI COMMUNITIES i. Early History.

  • QODDUS

    Nosrat Mohammad-Hosseini

    (1822-1849), spiritual title of Moḥammad-ʿAli Bārforuši, a prominent Bābi figure.

  • QODSI MAŠHADI

    Paul Losensky

    (ca. 1582-1646), ḤĀJI MOḤAMMAD JĀN, Persian poet of the first half of the 17th century, was born in Mashad and died in Lahore.

  • QOFṢ

    C. E. Bosworth

    the Arabised form of Kufiči, lit. “mountain dweller,” the name of a people of southeastern Iran found in the Islamic historians and geographers of the 10th-11th centuries.

  • QOHESTĀNI, ABU ESḤĀQ

    Farhad Daftary

    Ebrāhim, one of the most prominent Nezāri Ismaʿili dāʿis and authors of the early Anjedān period around the middle of the 15th century in Nezāri history. His sole surviving work is the Haft bāb.

  • Qohrud i. Historical Geography

    Habib Borjian

    mountainous river, village, and district, with attractive architectural monuments; on a caravan station from Kashan to Isfahan.

  • QOM i. History to the Safavid Period

    Andreas Drechsler

    The present town of Qom in Central Iran dates back to ancient times. Its pre-Islamic history can be partially documented.

  • QOM LAKE

    E. Ehlers

    (DARYĀČA-ye QOM, or Qom Basin), also called Daryāča-ye Sāva, one of the interior watersheds in northwestern Persia.

  • QOPČUR

    Peter Jackson

    a Mongol tax with severe impact on the population of some parts of Iran.

  • QOŠUN

    Nassereddin Parvin

    organ of the Iranian armed forces (qošun, arteš), published in Tehran, 1922-35,  continued as Arteš to 1937.

  • QOṬB-AL-DIN ḤAYDAR ZĀVI

    Tahsin Yazici

    a famous Sufi of Turkish origin.

  • QOṬB-AL-DIN ŠIRĀZI

    Sayyed ʿAbd-Allāh Anwār

    Persian polymath, Sufi, and poet (b. Shiraz, October 1236; d. Tabriz, 7 February 1311).

  • QOTLOḠ TARKĀN ḴĀTUN

    Karin Quade-Reutter

    the ruler of Kerman (R. 1257-83), she was enslaved during childhood and acquired by an old merchant from Isfahan, who raised her as his own daughter and provided her with an excellent education.

  • QUAL

    Cross-Reference

    See BELDERČĪN.

  • QUINCE

    Cross-Reference

    See BEH.

  • Qamar al-Moluk - Magar nasim-e sahar

    music sample

  • Qāri Navā’i

    music sample

  • Qašqā’i

    music sample

  • Q~ CAPTIONS OF ILLUSTRATIONS

    Cross-Reference

    list of all the figure and plate images in the letter Q entries.