Table of Contents
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PADERY, ETIENNE
Anne-Marie Touzard
(b. 1674; fl 1714-1725), Ottoman Greek who served as a translator to the French embassy at Istanbul, and as a French consul at Shiraz.
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PĀDŠĀH ḴĀTUN
Karin Quade-Reutter
(1256-1295), ruler of Kerman during the Il-Khanids, the youngest daughter of Qoṭb-al-Din Moḥammad and Qotloḡ Tarkān Ḵātun, grew up under the tutelage of her mother, also a ruler in Kerman.
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PĀDYĀB
Ramiyar P. Karanjia
a Pahlavi word meaning “ritually clean.”
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PAHLAVI PAPYRI
Dieter Weber
documents written exclusively in Egypt during the Persian (Sasanian) occupation under Ḵosrow II between 619 and 629 CE.
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PAHLAVI PSALTER
Philippe Gignoux
name given to a fragment, consisting of twelve pages written on both sides, of a Middle Persian translation of the Syriac Psalter. It was discovered, with a mass of other documents, at Bulayiq, near Turfan, in eastern Turkistan (present-day Xinjiang, China) by one of the four German expeditions to Central Asia.
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PAIKULI
Cross-Reference
name of a pass in Iraq, west of the Iranian border at Qaṣr-e Širin. It is the site of a Sasanian monument with inscription. See NARSEH and HERZFELD, ERNST iv. Herzfeld and the Paikuli Inscription. (For the site, see Helmut Humbach, The Sassanian Inscription of Paikuli, Part 1. Supplement to Herzfeld’s Paikuli, Wiesbaden and Tehran, 1978, p. 5; map, fig. 116.)
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PAIRIKĀ
Siamak Adhami
a class of female demonic beings in the Avesta, often translated “sorceress, witch, or enchantress.”
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PALACE ARCHITECTURE
Dietrich Huff
The abundant variety of styles in Iranian domestic architecture conceals a basic functional system that has remained unchanged since the Achaemenid period.
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PALEOLITHIC AGE IN IRAN
Frank Hole
The Paleolithic or ‘Old Stone Age’ begins with the first stone tools some 2.5million years ago in Africa, and it ends with the Neolithic or ‘New Stone Age,’ essentially at the beginnings of agriculture.
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PALM READING
Mahmoud Omidsalar
(chiromancy or palmistry; Pers. Kaf-bini), a form of physiognomy that deduces personal characteristics from the form of the lines on the subject’s palm.
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PANDIYĀT-E JAVĀNMARDI
Farhad Daftary
a Nezāri Ismaʿili book originally written in Persian and containing the sermons or religious admonitions to the true believers, seeking exemplary standards of ethical behavior and spiritual chivalry.
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PANJIKANT
Boris I. Marshak
Sogdian city, the ruins of which are located south of present-day Panjakent in western Tajikistan. Archeological excavations show that this city, situated on the rim of a high terrace overlooking a well irrigated valley, was founded in the 5th century C.E. and was inhabited until the 770s.
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PAPER
Multiple Authors
writing material invented in China that spread throughout Asia and to Iran in the pre-Islamic period.
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PAPER i. Paper in the Iranian World Prior to Printing
Jonathan Bloom
its use in Iran prior to the introduction of printing.
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PAPER ii. Paper and Papermaking
Willem Floor
In the 16th and 17th centuries, paper production took place in Persia in Isfahan, Yazd, and Kerman, and in the 18th century probably in Rasht. In the 19th century it is known to have taken place in Tehran, Isfahan, Kerman, and Mashad.
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PARI
Cross-Reference
“fairy.” See PAIRIKĀ.
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PARIḴĀN ḴĀNOM
Manučehr Pārsādust
(1548-1578), the second daughter of Shah Ṭahmāsp I, a politically influential and colorful figure at the Safavid court.
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PARMENIO
Ernst Badian
(b. ca. 400 BCE, d. 330 BCE); probably from mountainous Upper Macedonia, he became Philip II’s most successful general.
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PARSI COMMUNITIES i. EARLY HISTORY
John R. Hinnells
The creation of a Parsi settlement in India was the outcome of the migration of Zoroastrian refugees from their original homeland in medieval Islamic Persia.
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PARSI COMMUNITIES ii. IN CALCUTTA
Jesse S. Palsetia
Calcutta became a center of Parsi settlement from the 18th century. Dadabhoy Behramji Banaji is recorded as the first Parsi to have come to Calcutta from Surat in western India in 1767.