Table of Contents

• NAVY i. Nāder Shah and the Iranian Navy

  Michael Axworthy

  earliest moves toward establishing a navy arose out of the consequences of his military campaigns in the interior of Persia.

• NAXARAR

  N. Garsoian

  term given to the para-feudal, social pattern that early Armenia apparently shared with Parthian Iran, although it was preserved into the Sasanian period and beyond.

• NAẒIRI NIŠĀPURI

  Paul Losensky

  Indo-Persian poet of the late 16th and early 17th centuries (b. Nishapur, ca. 1560; d. Ahmadnagar, between 1612 and 1614).

• NEDĀY-E ESLĀM

  Nassereddin Parvin

  (The voice of Islam), a pro-constitutional newspaper lithographed and published in Shiraz, 1907.

• NÉMETH, Gyula

  András Bodrogligeti

  (1876-1976), Hungarian Turcologist.

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• NEMRUD DAĞI

  Bruno Jacobs

  mountain (elev. 2,150 m) in the Anti-Taurus range, Adıyaman province, Turkey, and site of the tomb sanctuary of King Antiochus I of Commagene (ca. 69-36 BCE).

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• NEOLITHIC AGE IN IRAN

  Frank Hole

  Originally the term “Neolithic” referred to the final Stone Age before the ages of metals.Today “Neolithic” usually refers to the period of the origins and early development of agricultural economies.

• NETHERLANDS : Archives

  Willem Floor

  The main sources for Iran, the Persian Gulf and the Dutch-Persian relations are found in the Dutch National Archives (Nationaal Archief, NA).

• NEY-DĀWUD, Morteżā

  Morteżā Ḥoseyni Dehkordi

  (1900-1990), celebrated composer of music and performer and instructor of the tār (a plucked, long-necked lute).

• NĒZAK

  Frantz Grenet

  dynastic name appearing on a long series of silver coins issued by a local dynasty in Kāpisā (in the region of Kabul; Sk. Kāpiśī) ca. late 7th century C.E.

• NEẒĀM-AL-SALṬANA MĀFI, Ḥosaynqoli Khan

  Mansoureh Ettehadieh

  (1832-1908), governor, minister, and prime minister of the Nāṣeri and Moẓaffarid era. 

• NEẒĀMI QUNAVI

  Osman G. Özgüdenlı

  (Neẓāmi of Konya; d. 1469-73?), poet in Persian, Arabic, and Turkish.

• NIETZSCHE AND PERSIA

  Daryoush Ashouri

  Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (1844-1900), the great German thinker, is best known as a philosopher of culture.

• NIGHTINGALE

  Cross-Reference

  See BOLBOL.

• NĪRANGDĪN CEREMONY

  Firoze M. Kotwal and Philip G. Kreyenbroek

  a Zoroastrian ritual to consecrate gōmēz, or bull’s urine; the consecrated liquid is known as nīrang or nīrangdīn.

• NISA

  Antonio Invernizzi

  an Arsacid city and ceremonial center in Parthia.

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• NISĀBURI, ḤASAN

  David Pingree

   b. Moḥammad al-Aʿraj, Neẓām-al-Din Qommi, astronomer; d. after 1311.

• NISĀYA

  Rüdiger Schmitt

  the Old Iranian name of several Iranian regions and places, which cannot easily be distinguished from one another.

• NISHAPUR i. Historical Geography and History to the Beginning of the 20th Century

  C. Edmund Bosworth

  Nishapur (Nišāpur) was, with Balḵ, Marv and Herat, one of the four great cities of the province of Khorasan.  It flourished in Sasanid and early Islamic times, but after the devastations of the Mongol invasions of the 13th century, subsided into a more modest role until it revived in the 20th century.

• NISIBIS

  Samuel Lieu

  city in northern Mesopotamia, a major focus of military confrontations between the Roman and Sasanian empires and a renowned center of theological studies for the Church of the East.