Table of Contents
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NEW JULFA
Cross-Reference
the Armenian settlement at Isfahan. See JULFA.
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NEY-DĀWUD, Morteżā
Morteżā Ḥoseyni Dehkordi
(1900-1990), celebrated composer of music and performer and instructor of the tār (a plucked, long-necked lute).
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NĒZAK
Frantz Grenet
dynastic name appearing on a long series of silver coins issued by a local dynasty in Kāpisā (in the region of Kabul; Sk. Kāpiśī) ca. late 7th century C.E.
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NEẒĀM-AL-MOLK
Neguin Yavari
(1018-92), vizier of two Saljuq sultans, rose from a relatively lowly position in the bureaucracy of the provincial governor of Balḵ (Balkh) to become the de facto ruler over a vast empire, with a final apotheosis as the archetypal good vizier in the world of Islam.
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NEẒĀM-AL-SALṬANA, ḤOSAYNQOLI KHAN
Mansoureh Ettehadieh
(1832-1908), official, governor, and prime minister in the Qajar era.
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NEẒĀMI QUNAVI
Osman G. Özgüdenlı
(Neẓāmi of Konya; d. 1469-73?), poet in Persian, Arabic, and Turkish.
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NEZĀR B. AL-MOSTANṢER, ABU MANṢUR
Farhad Daftary
(1045-1095), Fatimid crown prince and Nezāri Ismaʿili imam. He was the eldest son of al-Mostanṣer Be’llāh, the eighth Fatimid caliph and the eighteenth Ismaʿili imam.
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NEZĀRI QOHESTĀNI
Nadia Eboo Jamal
(1247-1320-21), a Persian poet of Nezāri Ismaʿili affiliation; born in Birjand, a commercial town in Qohestān, southern Khorasan.
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NIĀZI, FĀTEḤ
Keith Hitchins
(1914-1991), Tajik prose writer; began his literary career in the early 1930s as a writer of verse in Uzbek. As a fiction writer Niāzi began with short pieces, which he published in a collection entitled Intiqomi tojik. Niāzi’s reputation as a writer rests on three long novels, the writing of which spanned his entire career. All of them are concerned with the Second World War and are based upon his own experiences.
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NIETZSCHE AND PERSIA
Daryoush Ashouri
Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (1844-1900), the great German thinker, is best known as a philosopher of culture.
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NIGHTINGALE
Cross-Reference
See BOLBOL.
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NĪRANGDĪN CEREMONY
Firoze M. Kotwal and Philip G. Kreyenbroek
a Zoroastrian ritual to consecrate gōmēz, or bull’s urine; the consecrated liquid is known as nīrang or nīrangdīn.
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NISA
Antonio Invernizzi
New Nisa, capital of ancient Parthia, occupies a large area enclosed within stout mud-brick fortifications, which enclose a citadel. Excavations here have brought to light a monumental funerary building of the Parthian era with a flat, crenellated roof, a façade, and wall decoration with terracotta plates.
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NISĀBURI, ḤASAN
David Pingree
b. Moḥammad al-Aʿraj, Neẓām-al-Din Qommi, astronomer; d. after 1311.
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NISĀYA
Rüdiger Schmitt
the Old Iranian name of several Iranian regions and places, which cannot easily be distinguished from one another.
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NISHAPUR i. Historical Geography and History to the Beginning of the 20th Century
C. Edmund Bosworth
Nishapur (Nišāpur) was, with Balḵ, Marv and Herat, one of the four great cities of the province of Khorasan. It flourished in Sasanid and early Islamic times, but after the devastations of the Mongol invasions of the 13th century, subsided into a more modest role until it revived in the 20th century.
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NISHAPUR vi. Archeology
Rocco Rante
A major crossroad on the international trade route and silk road, the archeological area in Nishapur has two main sections which have been subjects of discoveries during different eras.
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NISHAPUR vii. Excavations by the Metropolitan Museum of Art
Marika Sardar
The MMA started expeditions in Iran in 1935 in Qaṣr-e Abu Naṣr, continued to Nishapur, and ended in 1948 after six seasons.
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NISIBIS
Samuel Lieu
city in northern Mesopotamia, a major focus of military confrontations between the Roman and Sasanian empires an center of theological studies for the Church of the East. Once in Sasanian hands, the city’s role was reversed to that of advanced Persian base of operations against Roman and Byzantine frontier defenses.
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NÖLDEKE, THEODOR
Rüdiger Schmitt
Nöldeke could convincingly prove the thesis already proposed by Niels Ludvig Westergaard (1815-1878) that Middle Persian was not an Irano-Semitic hybrid language, but an authentic Iranian dialect, the phonetic forms of which were “obscured by a partly cryptographic, partly extremely historicizing spelling.”
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NOMADISM
Eckart Ehlers
Pastoral nomadism is a livelihood form that is ecologically adjusted at a particular level to the utilization of marginal resources. These resources occur in areas too dry, too elevated, or too steep for agriculture to be a viable mode of livelihood, and the nomadic pastoralist thus makes use of resources that otherwise would be neglected.
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NOṢAYRIS
Meir M. Bar-Asher
followers of Nusayrism, a syncretistic religion with close affinity to Shiʿism, whose adherents live mostly in Syria and southeastern Turkey.
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NOWRUZ
Multiple Authors
Nowruz, “New Day”, is a traditional ancient festival which celebrates the starts of the Persian New Year. It is the holiest and most joyful festival of the Zoroastrian year.
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NOWRUZ i. In the Pre-Islamic Period
Mary Boyce
Nowruz, “New Day”, is the holiest and most joyful festival of the Zoroastrian year. It is also its focal point, to which all other high holy days relate.
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NOWRUZ ii. In the Islamic Period
A. Shapur Shahbazi
Nowruz survived while less significant festivals were eclipsed by their Islamic rivals and gradually became abandoned by indifferent Mongol and Turkish rulers or hostile clerical authorities.
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NOWRUZ iii. In the Iranian Calendar
Simone Cristoforetti
The day Hormoz (the first day of any Persian month) of the month of Farvardin is the New Year day in the Persian calendar; at present it coincides with the day of the vernal equinox.
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NOWŠAHR
Habib Borjian
port city and sub-province in western Māzandarān Province.
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NOZHAT AL-MAJĀLES
Moḥammad Amin Riāḥi
an anthology of over 4,000 quatrains (robāʾi) by some 300 poets of the 5th to 7th/11th-13th centuries, compiled around the middle of the 7th/13th century.
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NUḤ (II) B. MANṢUR (I)
C. Edmund Bosworth
(r. 976-97), ABU’L-QĀSEM, Samanid Amir, initially in both Transoxania and Khorasan, latterly in Transoxania only.
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NUR-AL-DIN MOḤAMMAD II B. ḤASAN
Farhad Daftary
(March 1148 - September 1210), an Ismaʿili imam; the fifth lord of Alamut who succeeded to the leadership of the Nezāri Ismaʿili state and daʿwa at the age of seventeen. He reigned for forty-four years, managing the affairs of the Nezāris, especially in Persia.
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NURI, FAŻL-ALLĀH
Vanessa Martin
(1843-1909), a prominent jurist who campaigned in the Constitutional Revolution of 1906-1909 for constitutionalism according to the šariʿa (canonical laws of Islam), and in its default, preferred absolutism to secularism.
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NURISTAN
Max Klimburg
(Nurestān), the “Land of Light,” a region to the northeast of Afghanistan, imbedded in the Hindu Kush valleys to the south of its main ridge.
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NUTS
Cross-Reference
See ĀJĪL.
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NYBERG, Henrik Samuel
Carlo G. Cereti
(1889-1974), Swedish scholar of extremely broad interests, competent in a number of different fields, in both Semitic and Iranian studies.
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Nakisā va Bārbad
music sample
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Newroz
music sample
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Nowhe of Men's Mourning
music sample
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Nowhe Zeynab
music sample
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Nowruze-ḵuni
music sample
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Neydāwud – Māhur
music sample
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N~ CAPTIONS OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Cross-Reference
list of all the figure and plate images in the letter N entries.