Table of Contents

• MARKAZ-E TAḤQIQĀT-E FĀRSI-E IRĀN WA PĀKESTĀN

  Arif Naushahi

  (Iran-Pakistan Institute of Persian Studies), an institute established as per an agreement signed between the Ministry of Culture and Art (Wezārat-e farhang wa honar) of Iran and Ministry of Education and Scientific Research of Pakistan.

• MARKWART, JOSEF

  Rüdiger Schmitt

  (1864-1930), German historian and orientalist, specialist in historical geography. His monumental Ērānšahr (1901) is still an authoritative work and probably his most important. His books are full of profound and nearly inexhaustible erudition, revealing that their author was a learned historian, philologist, geographer, and ethnologist.

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• MĀRLIK

  Kamyar Abdi

  an elite burial ground of the late 2nd-early 1st millennium BCE in the western Caspian basin. In total, fifty-three tombs were discovered. The grave goods, numbering over 25,000 individual items, constitute the largest collection discovered from any cemetery of the Early Iron Age anywhere in the Near East.

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• MARR, NIKOLAĭ YAKOVLEVICH

  I. Yakubovich

  The most significant part of Marr’s scholarly legacy is his editions of Georgian, Armenian, and Arab manuscripts, some of which he discovered during expeditions to the monastery of Aphon (Mt. Athos) in 1898, and to Sinai and Jerusalem in 1902.

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• MARRIAGE i. THE MARRIAGE CONTRACT IN THE PRE-ISLAMIC PERIOD

  Ilya Yakubovich

  a formal, written agreement as part of the process of establishing a marriage bond between two families is documented in both eastern and western Iranian practice.

• MARRIAGE ii. NEXT OF KIN MARRIAGE IN ZOROASTRIANISM

  Prods Oktor Skjærvø

  xwēdōdah, said to refer to marital unions of father and daughter, mother and son, or brother and sister (next-of-kin or close-kin marriage, nuclear family incest).

• MARTYRS, BABI

  Peter Smith and Moojan Momen

  adherents of the Babi religion who were killed for their faith during the period up to about 1866, when the Bahai faith emerged.

• MARTYRS, CHRISTIAN

  Christelle Jullien

  in the Iranian lands. The passion accounts are known from two sets of literary corpus: one in Syriac, and the other in Greek. Some of the Syriac Acts of the Persian Martyrs were first published with a Latin translation in 1748 by Stefano Evodio Assemani (1711-1782), on the basis of the ancient Vatican manuscript 160.

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• MAʿRUFI, Jawād

  Morteżā Ḥoseyni Dehkordi and EIr

  Persian composer and pianist (1915-1993).

• MARYAM KHANOM

  Dominic Parviz Brookshaw

  thirty-ninth wife of Fatḥ-ʿAli Shah Qajar (r. 1797-1834), mother of Żiāʾ-al-Salṭana and Maḥmud Mirzā.