Table of Contents
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LENTIL
Cross-Reference
See ʿADAS.
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LENTZ, OTTO HELMUT WOLFGANG
Gerd Gropp
Lentz wrote no voluminous book, but many essays in periodicals, including pioneer works on Turfan texts, Iranian dialects, local eastern systems of time reckoning, and loanwords in Mid. Iranian. His doctoral dissertation on North Iranian elements in the Šāh-nāma (1926) won him immediate recognition.
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LEOPARD
Eskandar Firouz
(Panthera pardus, Pers. Palang), the largest and most powerful member of the cat family still occurring in Iran. The Persian leopard is very variable in both size and coloration, depending on the conditions of the natural environment of its range.
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LESĀN-AL-DAWLA
Nader Nasiri-Moghaddam
(1862-ca. 1920), MIRZĀ ʿALI KHAN, royal librarian. His career at the royal court began in Tabriz in 1891.
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LEWIS, David Malcolm
Amılie Kuhrt
Lewis was educated at the City of London School and Corpus Christi, Oxford, where he studied the traditional Classics curriculum in Greek and Latin, philosophy and ancient history (1945-1949). After National Service in the Royal Army Education Corps (1949-1951), he pursued graduate studies at Princeton, NJ with two leading historians of classical Greece before returning to Oxford.
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LEXICOGRAPHY
John R. Perry
the compiling of dictionaries, glossaries, and vocabularies of a language or a particular lexical corpus.
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LEYLI O MAJNUN
A. A. Seyed-Gohrab
narrative poem of approximately 4,600 lines composed in 584/1188 by the famous poet Neẓāmi of Ganja.
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LIGHTING EQUIPMENT AND HEATING FUEL
Willem Floor
Before the widespread use of electricity in Iran, the main illuminants were vegetable oils and animal fat.
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LILAC
Ahmad Aryavand and Bahram Grami
a fragrant shrub of the olive family. Different varieties exist with blue and purple flowers, used for aroma, decorative, and medicinal purposes. The Persian lilac is a small shrub and has been a garden favorite in Iran for centuries and today occurs in various parts of the country.
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LILY
Ahmad Aryavand and Bahram Grami
(susan in Persian and Arabic), the name of herbaceous and bulbous flowering plants of the lily family, lilies are among the oldest cultivated plants. Persian poets have likened the lily’s petal to the human tongue.
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LIME
Cross-Reference
a solid, white substance consisting essentially of calcium oxide. See ĀHAK.
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LION RUGS
Parviz Tanavoli
(gabba-ye širi), a group of Persian rugs with the image of the lion as the main motif. The majority of the existing lion rugs are the work of Baḵtiāri and Qašqāʾi tribes in southwest Iran and were woven during the 19th and 20th centuries.
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LION TOMBSTONES
Pedram Khosronejad
a type of tombstone in the form of a lion, found mostly on the graves of Lor and Qašqāʾi nomads in the west, southwest, and parts of southern Persia. These stylized, sculptured lions stare out from isolated Baḵtiāri graveyards in many valleys and along the migration routes of the tribes across the Zagros Mountains.
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LITERACY CORPS
Farian Sabahi
(Sepāh-e dāneš), educational program implemented in Iran in the framework of the White Revolution (1963-79) during the reign of Muhammad-Reza Pahlavi (1941-79). With the Literacy Corps, education to some extent escaped the control of the ʿolamāʾ, who used to shape the younger generation along traditional lines.
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LITHOGRAPHY i. IN PERSIA
Olimpiada P. Shcheglova
The first lithographic printing press was brought to Persia in 1821 from Tiflis (Tbilisi), on the orders of the Crown Prince, ʿAbbās Mirzā. The Persian painter Allāhverdi who had studied lithography there, returned to Tabriz in March 1821 with a complete set of lithographic equipment.
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LITHOGRAPHY ii. IN INDIA
Olimpiada P. Shcheglova
From the 19th century to the first decade of the 20th, India was at the hub of a great expansion in lithographic printing. Hundreds of lithographic printing houses flourished in India, and although books in Persian were only a part of their production, it was there that the largest number of Persian lithographed books was published.
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LITHOGRAPHY iii. IN CENTRAL ASIA
Olimpiada P. Shcheglova
Lithographic book printing began in Central Asia in the late 19th century: in the khanate of Khiva, 1874 (in Turkic languages only), in Turkistan in Tashkent, 1881, and in the khanate of Bukhara, 1901. The bulk of lithographed books in Oriental languages were published in Tashkent.
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LITHOGRAPHY iv. LITHOGRAPHED ILLUSTRATIONS
Ulrich Marzolph
The first illustrated Persian lithographed book is the 1259/1843 edition of Maktabi’s Leili o Majnun.
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LIZARDS
Steven C. Anderson
reptiles belonging to the order Squamata; second to birds, they are the most often seen vertebrates in Iran, Afghanistan, and Central Asia, especially during daylight hours. “Lizard” is a colloquial term for these reptiles that are members of a larger evolutionary group that includes snakes.
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LOCKHART, LAURENCE
Ernest Tucker
Lockhart returned to the company’s London headquarters in 1930 and served there until 1939. He continued to engage in academic pursuits in parallel with his business career, publishing numerous short scholarly pieces on a wide range of topics. In his spare time, he conducted extensive research on Iran and Iranian history.
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