Table of Contents

• LIME

  Cross-Reference

  a solid, white substance consisting essentially of calcium oxide. See ĀHAK.

• LION RUGS

  Parviz Tanavoli

  (gabba-ye širi), a group of Persian rugs with the image of the lion as the main motif. The majority of the existing lion rugs are the work of Baḵtiāri and Qašqāʾi tribes in southwest Iran and were woven during the 19th and 20th centuries.

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• LION TOMBSTONES

  Pedram Khosronejad

  (šir-e sangi or bardšir “stone lion” in Lori), a type of tombstone in the form of a lion, found mostly on the graves of Lor and Qašqāʾi nomads in the west, southwest, and parts of southern Persia. These stylized, sculptured lions stare out from isolated Baḵtiāri graveyards in many valleys and along the migration routes of the tribes across the Zagros Mountains.

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• LITERACY CORPS

  Farian Sabahi

  (Sepāh-e dāneš), educational program implemented in Iran in the framework of the White Revolution (1963-79) during the reign of Muhammad-Reza Pahlavi (1941-79). With the Literacy Corps, education to some extent escaped the control of the ʿolamāʾ, who used to shape the younger generation along traditional lines.

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• LITHOGRAPHY i. IN PERSIA

  Olimpiada P. Shcheglova

  The first lithographic printing press was brought to Persia in 1821 from Tiflis (Tbilisi), on the orders of the Crown Prince, ʿAbbās Mirzā. The Persian painter Allāhverdi who had studied lithography there, returned to Tabriz in March 1821 with a complete set of lithographic equipment.

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• LITHOGRAPHY ii. IN INDIA

  Olimpiada P. Shcheglova

  From the 19th century to the first decade of the 20th, India was at the hub of a great expansion in lithographic printing. Hundreds of lithographic printing houses flourished in India, and although books in Persian were only a part of their production, it was there that the largest number of Persian lithographed books was published.

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• LITHOGRAPHY iii. IN CENTRAL ASIA

  Olimpiada P. Shcheglova

  Lithographic book printing began in Central Asia in the late 19th century: in the khanate of Khiva, 1874 (in Turkic languages only), in Turkistan in Tashkent, 1881, and in the khanate of Bukhara, 1901. The bulk of lithographed books in Oriental languages were published in Tashkent.

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• LITHOGRAPHY iv. LITHOGRAPHED ILLUSTRATIONS

  Ulrich Marzolph

  The first illustrated Persian lithographed book is the 1259/1843 edition of Maktabi’s Leili o Majnun.

• LIZARDS

  Steven C. Anderson

  reptiles belonging to the order Squamata; second to birds, they are the most often seen vertebrates in Iran, Afghanistan, and Central Asia, especially during daylight hours. “Lizard” is a colloquial term for these reptiles that are members of a larger evolutionary group that includes snakes.

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• LOCKS AND LOCKSMITHS IN IRAN

  Parviz Tanavoli

  Locks have been made in Iran since at least the second millennium BCE. The most ancient lock, dating to the 13th century BCE, was excavated at the ziggurat of Choga Zanbil in Khuzestan. Throughout the Islamic period in Iran, locks were made in all shapes and sizes.

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• LOCUST

  Cyrus Abivardi

  (in modern taxonomy, Pers. malaḵ-e mohājer), the term used for any gregarious, short-horned grasshopper. The generic Persian term malaḵ (vs. Mid. Pers. mayg in the Pahlavi Vendidad; Av. maδaxa-) is regarded as a borrowing from an Eastern Iranian language (cf. Pashto malax[ay]).

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• LOMMEL, HERMAN

  Rüdiger Schmitt

  German scholar of Indo-European, chiefly Indo-Iranian studies, and also of religious studies.

• LORI DIALECTS

  Colin MacKinnon

  These are spoken by both settled and migratory folk over a large area of western Iran, including parts of Hamadan Province (at least from Nehāvand southward) through Lorestān to Khuzestan, Čahār Maḥāl and Baḵtiāri, Kohgiluya and Boir Aḥmadi, and Fārs.

• LORI LANGUAGE

  Multiple Authors

  the language of one of Iran’s major ethnic groups, spoken by five million people over the length of the Zagros range. This entry consist of two parts i. Lori dialects  ii. Sociolinguistic status of Lori

• LORI LANGUAGE ii. Sociolinguistic Status of Lori

  Erik J. Anonby

  The array of related dialects collectively known as Lori (autonym: lurī) is spoken among the Lori and Baḵtiāri peoples of the Zagros mountains of western and southwestern Iran and surrounding areas.

• LORIMER, David i. In Persia

  Fereydun Vahman and Garnik Asatrian

  (1876-1962), British Iranist and military and intelligence officer.

• LOTERĀʾI

  Martin Schwartz

  term used by Iranian Jews for speech using local Judeo-Iranian grammar with a special exotic substitutive vocabulary.

• LOUVRE MUSEUM i. IRANIAN ANTIQUITIES IN THE COLLECTIONS

  Pierre Amiet

  In 1793, when the Louvre Museum (Musıe du Louvre) was created under the name of Central Museum of Arts (Musıe Centrale des Arts), antiquities were exclusively represented by Greek and Roman sculptures.

• LOUVRE MUSEUM ii. PERSIAN ART IN THE ISLAMIC COLLECTION

  Sophie Makariou

  In 1893 a section devoted to “Muslim Art” was created within the Département des objets d’art, and from the outset objects from Persia have been a most important part of this collection.

• LUKONIN, Vladimir Grigor’evich

  Muhammad Dandamayev and Inna Medvedskaya

  (1932-1984), outstanding Russian scholar in the field of history and history of culture and arts of ancient Iran, from the earliest times until the end of the Sasanian period. He published and introduced to scholarship many artifacts of Iranian culture preserved at the Hermitage Museum, including the unique hoard of Iranian silver drachms of the 3rd century CE and some objects of early Sasanian toreutics.

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