Table of Contents

• LĀRAK

  Daniel T. Potts

  a small island in the Straits of Hormuz to the south of Hormuz Island, located approximately 45 kms southeast of Bandar Abbas and 18 kms southeast of the eastern end of Qeshm Island at lat 26°51′0″ N, long 56°21′0″ E. 

• LĀHIJĀN

  Christian Bromberger

  a city in the province of Gilān.  It is located at 37°12′ N, long 50°0′ E, to the east of the lower reaches of Safidrud at an altitude of 4 m.

• LĀHŪRĪ, ʿABD-AL-ḤAMĪD

  Cross-reference

  17th-century Indo-Persian historian and author of the Pādšāh-nāma, the official account of the reign of the Mughal emperor Shah Jahān (1037-67/1628-57). See ʿABD-AL-ḤAMĪD LĀHŪRĪ.

• LAHUTI, Abu’l-Qasem

  Kāmyār ʿĀbedi

  (1887-1957), Marxist poet, political activist, and an important contributor to the modern of poetry of Tajikistan.

• LĀḴ-MAZĀR

  V. A. Livshits

  “Rocky sacred place (?),” name applied to gorges not far from the settlement of Kuč, 29 km southeast of Birjand in Khorasan Province (ostān). 

• LAKHMIDS

  C. Edmund Bosworth

  an Arab dynasty that ruled in central Iraq with their capital at Ḥira for roughly three centuries, from about 300 to 602 CE, generally but intermittently as the allies and clients of the Sasanian kings of Persia.

• LANGARUD

  Marcel Bazin and Christian Bromberger

  a city and sub-provincial district (šahrestān) in Gilān located at lat 37°11′ N, long 50°09′ E on the Langarud River, which cuts through the city, dividing it into two parts.

• LARK

  Cross-Reference

  See ČAKĀVAK.

• LAŠANI

  Pierre Oberling

  a Turkicized Kurdish tribe in Fārs. The Lašani accompanied Karim Khan Zand to the province in the mid-18th century.

• LAURENS, Jules Joseph Augustin

  Jacqueline Calmard-Compas

  (1825-1901), French artist in drawing, painting, and lithography who depicted Oriental and other subjects.

• LAWḤ

  M. Momen and B. T. Lawson

  (tablet), a term used distinctively in the Bahai writings as part of the title of individual compositions of Bahāʾ-Allāh addressed to individuals or groups of individuals.

• LAYARD, Austen Henry

  John Curtis

  (1817-1894), French archeologist and politician. Layard is chiefly known for his excavations in northern Iraq between 1845 and 1851.

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• LENTIL

  Cross-Reference

  See ʿADAS.

• LENTZ, OTTO HELMUT WOLFGANG

  Gerd Gropp

  (1900-1986), German Iranologist who specialized in Middle Iranian and New Persian dialects as well as on Iranian religions.

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• LEOPARD

  Eskandar Firouz

  (Panthera pardus, Pers. Palang), the largest and most powerful member of the cat family still occurring in Iran. The Persian leopard is very variable in both size and coloration, depending on the conditions of the natural environment of its range.

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• LESĀN-AL-DAWLA

  Nader Nasiri-Moghaddam

  , MIRZĀ ʿALI KHAN (1862-ca. 1920), royal librarian. His career at the royal court began in Tabriz in 1891.

• LEWIS, David Malcolm

  Amılie Kuhrt

  (1928-1994), distinguished historian and epigrapher of Greece in the fifth and fourth century BCE and, by extension, of the Achaemenid empire.

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• LEXICOGRAPHY

  John R. Perry

  the compiling of dictionaries, glossaries, and vocabularies of a language or a particular lexical corpus.

• LEYLI O MAJNUN

  A. A. Seyed-Gohrab

  narrative poem of approximately 4,600 lines composed in 584/1188 by the famous poet Neẓāmi of Ganja.

• LIGHTING EQUIPMENT AND HEATING FUEL

  Willem Floor

  Before the widespread use of electricity in Iran, the main illuminants were vegetable oils and animal fat.