Table of Contents

  • LOCKS AND LOCKSMITHS IN IRAN

    Parviz Tanavoli

    Locks have been made in Iran since at least the second millennium BCE. The most ancient lock, dating to the 13th century BCE, was excavated at the ziggurat of Choga Zanbil in Khuzestan. Throughout the Islamic period in Iran, locks were made in all shapes and sizes.

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  • LOCUST

    Cyrus Abivardi

    (in modern taxonomy, Pers. malaḵ-e mohājer), the term used for any gregarious, short-horned grasshopper. The generic Persian term malaḵ (vs. Mid. Pers. mayg in the Pahlavi Vendidad; Av. maδaxa-) is regarded as a borrowing from an Eastern Iranian language (cf. Pashto malax[ay]).

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  • LOMMEL, HERMAN

    Rüdiger Schmitt

    German scholar of Indo-European, chiefly Indo-Iranian studies, and also of religious studies.

  • LORI LANGUAGE

    Multiple Authors

    the language of one of Iran’s major ethnic groups, spoken by five million people over the length of the Zagros range. This entry consist of two parts i. Lori dialects  ii. Sociolinguistic status of Lori

  • LORI LANGUAGE i. LORI DIALECTS

    Colin MacKinnon

    These are spoken by both settled and migratory folk over a large area of western Iran, including parts of Hamadan Province (at least from Nehāvand southward) through Lorestān to Khuzestan, Čahār Maḥāl and Baḵtiāri, Kohgiluya and Boir Aḥmadi, and Fārs.

  • LORI LANGUAGE ii. Sociolinguistic Status of Lori

    Erik J. Anonby

    The array of related dialects collectively known as Lori (autonym: lurī) is spoken among the Lori and Baḵtiāri peoples of the Zagros mountains of western and southwestern Iran and surrounding areas.

  • LORIMER, David i. In Persia

    Fereydun Vahman and Garnik Asatrian

    (1876-1962), British Iranist and military and intelligence officer. He had a keen interest in the dialect and folklore of the region. He used to collect his material on dialects from elderly informants and would spend the evenings working with them. 

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  • LOTERĀʾI

    Martin Schwartz

    term used by Iranian Jews for speech using local Judeo-Iranian grammar with a special exotic substitutive vocabulary.

  • LOUVRE MUSEUM i. IRANIAN ANTIQUITIES IN THE COLLECTIONS

    Pierre Amiet

    In 1793, when the Louvre Museum (Musıe du Louvre) was created under the name of Central Museum of Arts (Musıe Centrale des Arts), antiquities were exclusively represented by Greek and Roman sculptures.

  • LOUVRE MUSEUM ii. PERSIAN ART IN THE ISLAMIC COLLECTION

    Sophie Makariou

    In 1893 a section devoted to “Muslim Art” was created within the Département des objets d’art, and from the outset objects from Persia have been a most important part of this collection.

  • LUKONIN, Vladimir Grigor’evich

    Muhammad Dandamayev and Inna Medvedskaya

    (1932-1984), outstanding Russian scholar in the field of history and history of culture and arts of ancient Iran, from the earliest times until the end of the Sasanian period. He published and introduced to scholarship many artifacts of Iranian culture preserved at the Hermitage Museum.

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  • LULUBI

    Ran Zadok

    country of a people who probably originated in southern Kurdistan; the form of the name is identical in both Sumerian and Akkadian, namely Lulubi and Lulubum respectively.

  • LURISTAN

    Multiple Authors

    major province in Iran

  • LURISTAN iv. The Origin of Nomadism

    Inge Demant Mortensen and Peder Mortensen

    The large valleys and plains of Luristan are exceedingly fertile.  They have often been described as suited for agriculture as well as for pastoral nomadism, which seems to have been the prevailing lifestyle for hundreds of years.

  • LURISTAN v. Religion, Rituals, and Popular Beliefs

    Inge Demant Mortensen

    Lur society has been living within the framework of Islam, but under conditions and circumstances that encouraged rather than restricted a free display of popular traditions.

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  • LURISTAN BRONZES i. THE FIELD RESEARCH

    Bruno Overlaet

    The label “Luristan bronzes”  designates a series of decorated bronze objects in a specific local style dating from the Iron Age (ca. 1300/1250 to 700/650 BCE). These bronzes became known through large-scale illegal excavations starting in the late 1920s.

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  • LURISTAN BRONZES ii. CHRONOLOGY

    Bruno Overlaet

    The first documented Luristan bronze acquired by a European museum, “a master of animals idol,” was purchased in 1854 by the British Museum. The first publication about a Luristan bronze in a scholarly journal (1918) attributed a Luristan horse bit with decorated cheek pieces to Armenia.

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  • LUSCHEY, Heinz

    Wolfram Kleiss

    After his military service during the Second World War, Luschey worked as an assistant at the Archaeological Seminar of the University of Tübingen. In 1956 he became assistant director of the Istanbul branch of the German Archaeological Institute.

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  • LUT

    Cross-Reference

    Persian word meaning “desert.” See DESERT.

  • LUṬI

    Willem Floor

    A Persian term with a variety of meanings, with both positive and negative connotations.