Table of Contents
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KHAYYAM, OMAR ix. Translations into Italian
Mario Casari
The reception of Khayyam’s poetic work in Italy, as in the rest of Europe, was the result of the translation and rewriting of the English poet Edward FitzGerald (d. 1883) in the years 1859-79. In Italy the more scholarly approach to Khayyam’s work by a few dedicated Iranists proceeded at a fitful pace over many decades.
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KHAYYAM, OMAR xiii. Musical Works Based On The Rubaiyat
William H. Martin and Sandra Mason
The enduring popularity of the verses in the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam is reflected in the large number of musical works they have inspired.
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KHAYYAM, OMAR xiv. Impact On Literature And Society In The West
Jos Biegstraaten
The first scholar outside Persia to study Omar Khayyam was the English orientalist, Thomas Hyde (1636-1703).
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KHAYYAM, OMAR xv. As Mathematician
Bijan Vahabzadeh
Three mathematical treatises of Omar Khayyam have come down to us: (1) a commentary on Euclid’s Elements; (2) an essay on the division of the quadrant of a circle; (3) a treatise on algebra; he also wrote (4) the treatise on the extraction of the nth root of the numbers, which is not extant.
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KHORASAN i. ETHNIC GROUPS
Pierre Oberling
The population of Khorasan is extremely varied, consisting principally of Persians, Arabs, Turks, Kurds, Mongols, Baluch, and smaller groups of Jews, Gypsies, and Lors.
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KHORDEH AVESTĀ
William W. Malandra
“The Little Avesta,” the name given to a collection of texts used primarily by the laity for everyday devotions.
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KHORRAMABAD
Multiple Authors
sub-province and capital city of Lorestan Province.
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KHORRAMABAD ii. Population, 1956-2011
Mohammad Hossein Nejatian
This article deals with the following population characteristics of Khorramabad: population growth from 1956 to 2011, age structure, average household size, literacy rate, and economic activity status.
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KHORRAMSHAHR
Multiple Authors
(ḴORRAMŠAHR), a port city at the confluence of the Karun river and the Shatt al-Arab.
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KHORRAMSHAHR i. PHYSICAL AND HUMAN GEOGRAPHY
Eckart Ehlers
(ḴORRAMŠAHR), a port city at the confluence of the Karun river and the Shatt al-Arab.
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KHORRAMSHAHR ii. POPULATION, 1956-2011
Mohammad Hossein Nejatian
This article deals with the population growth of Khorramshahr from 1956 to 2011, age structure, average household size, literacy rate, and economic activity status.
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KHOTAN
Multiple Authors
town (lat 37°06′ N, long 79°56′ E) and major oasis of the southern Tarim Basin in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China, historically an important kingdom with an Iranian-speaking population.
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KHOTAN i. Geography
Alain Cariou
Located between the Kunlun mountains and the edge of the Taklamakan desert, the city of Khotan is today a major administrative center of the Khotan Prefecture, a vast area mostly concentrated in the piedmont oasis.
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KHOTAN ii. HISTORY IN THE PRE-ISLAMIC PERIOD
Hiroshi Kumamoto
ancient Buddhist oasis/kingdom on the branch of the Silk Road along the southern edge of the Taklamakan Desert in the Tarim basin, in present-day Xinjiang, China.
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KHOTAN iv. KHOTANESE LITERATURE
Mauro Maggi
the body of writings contained in a large number of manuscripts and manuscript folios and fragments written from the 5th to the 10th century in the Khotanese language, the Eastern Middle Iranian language of the Buddhist Saka kingdom of Khotan on the southern branch of the Silk Route (in the present-day Xinjiang-Uygur Autonomous Region of the People’s Republic of China).
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KHUJAND
Keith Hitchins
(Ḵojand), city in northwestern Tajikistan on the middle course of the Syr Daryā River, about 150 km south of Tashkent and near the entrance to the Farḡāna valley.
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KHUZESTAN viii. Dialects
Colin MacKinnon
The dialects spoken by the Iranian folk of the province appear to be of two basic types: Dezfuli-Šuštari, spoken in those two cities, and Baḵtiāri.
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KHWARAZMSHAHS i. Descendants of the line of Anuštigin
Clifford Edmund Bosworth
After the Saljuq takeover in Khwarazm in the early 1040s, the Saljuq Sultans appointed various governors in the province, including several Turkish ḡolām commanders.
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KIĀ, ṢĀDEQ
Habib Borjian
Kiā’s primary achievement was promotion and publicizing of a Persian national identity that embraced the pre-Islamic heritage—not atypical of his contemporaries who had received their formal education during the reign of Reza Shah Pahlavi. He taught and published, winning him reputation in society and eventually an appointment as the language academy’s president.
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KIĀNI, Sayyed NĀDERŠĀH
S. J. Badakhchani
(d. 1970), 20th century Ismaʿili poet and writer of Afghanistan, born in Kulāb, southwestern Tajikistan.
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KIDARITES
Frantz Grenet
a dynasty which ruled Tukharistan and later Gandhāra, probably also part of Sogdiana; the initial date is disputed (ca 390 CE for some modern authors, ca. 420-430 for others).
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KIEFFER, CHARLES MARTIN
Daniel Septfonds
(1923-2015), French linguist and ethnographer of Afghanistan.
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KILIZU
Antonio Invernizzi
capital of the Assyrian province of the same name, near the mound Qaṣr Šemāmok in northern Mesopotamia, where a Parthian necropolis was brought to light.
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KIMIĀ
Pierre Lory
“Alchemy.” Externally, the purpose of alchemy was the conversion of base metals like lead into silver or gold by means of long and complicated operations leading to the production of a mysterious substance, the ‘philosopher’s stone,’ able to operate the transmutation.
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KING OF THE BENIGHTED
NASRIN RAHIMIEH & DANIEL RAFINEJAD
As Milani describes in his afterword to the English translation, Golshiri incrementally sent handwritten pages of the manuscript to Milani in California in the guise of personal letters, “to avoid the ever-watchful gaze of the Islamic censors.”
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Kingship ii. Parthian Period
Edward Dąbrowa
Parthian kingship started with the Arsacids monarchy and was an original form of Oriental kingship. The royal ideology was created by combining elements of different provenance; Greek elements were systematically removed or relegated to be replaced by Iranian traditions.
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ḴIRI
Ahmad Aryavand and Bahram Grami
wallflower, a widely cultivated, sweet-smelling, ornamental plant of the mustard family, which often grows on old walls, rocks, and quarries, particularly limestone.
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KIRSTE, Johann Ferdinand Otto
Michaela Zinko
Johann Kirste received his primary and secondary education in Graz, and after graduating from high school (Gymnasium) in 1870, he enrolled at the University of Graz to study Latin, Greek, and Sanskrit with Karl Schenkl. From 1872 until 1874, in the traditional manner of the time, Kirste studied at several German universities to broaden his training.
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KISH ISLAND
D. T. Potts
(Ar. Qeys), small island in the lower Persian Gulf, noted for its palm gardens.
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KOBRAWIYA i. THE EPONYM
Hamid Algar
Abu’l-Jannāb Aḥmad b.ʿOmar Najm-al-Din Kobrā, eponym of the Kobrawiya, was born in Ḵᵛārazm in 1145 or possibly a decade later.
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KOBRAWIYA ii. THE ORDER
Hamid Algar
The crystallization of a given line of Sufi tradition as an “order” should not be understood as imposing on all the spiritual descendants of the eponym a definitive and permanently binding choice of methods and emphases.
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ḴODĀYDĀDZĀDA, BĀBĀ-YUNOS
Habib Borjian
(b. ca. 1870-75, d. 1945), Tajik folk poet and singer. His exceptional skill in singing the Guruḡli stories on the dotār (a long-neck lute) won him great reputation throughout Tajikistan. According to his biographer, his performance would take hours from evening to dawn, with only short breaks to relax and eat, for several nights in a row.
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KOFRI
Aḥmad Golčin Maʿāni
pen name of the poet-calligrapher MAWLĀNĀ AMIR-ḤOSAYN TORBATI (d. 1607).
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KOFRI, Moḥammad Kermānšāhi
Shireen Mahdavi
(1829-1908), physician and surgeon, the son of Pir Moḥammad Zāreʿ, a merchant.
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KOH-I-NOOR
Iradj Amini
(Kuh-e Nur; lit. “Mountain of Light”), the most celebrated diamond in the world, with rich legendary and historical associations.
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ḴOʾI, MIRZĀ ʿALIQOLI
Ulrich Marzolph
(1815-ca. 1856), the most prolific illustrator of Persian lithographed books in the Qajar period. Educated in Tabriz, he published an edition of the Ḵamsa‑ye Neẓāmi.
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ḴOJANDIS OF ISFAHAN
David Durand-Guédy
a prominent family of Šāfeʿi ulema, who were settled in Isfahan by the Saljuq grand vizier Neẓām-al-Molk. They turned into the most important family and political actor in that city during the Saljuq period and continued to play a significant role up to the Mongol invasion.
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ḴOJESTĀNI, Aḥmad b. ʿAbd-Allāh
C. Edmund Bosworth
(d. 882), commander of the Taherids in Khorasan, and after the Ṣaffarid occupation of Nishapur in 873, a contender for power.
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KOJUR
Multiple Authors
historical district in the central Alborz, northwestern Māzandarān. i. Historical geography. ii. Language and culture.
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KOJUR i. Historical Geography
Habib Borjian
The historical district of Kojur covers roughly a quadrangle bounded by the Caspian Sea on the north, the Čālus River on the west, Nur valley on the south, and Suledeh valley on the east.
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KOJUR ii. Language
Habib Borjian
Two major languages of native Caspian and Kurdish dialects are spoken in Kojur. The Caspian dialect is structurally Mazandarani with some divergence. The Kurdish dialect is spoken by the Kurdish immigrants and remains unstudied.
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KOJUR iii. The Calendar
Habib Borjian
The Ṭabari or Deylami year observed in Kojur consists of twelve months, thirty days each, plus five intercalary days called petak, concluding the year.
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KOLAYNI
Etan Kohlberg
(d. 941), Abu Jaʿfar Moḥammad b. Yaʿqub b. Esḥāq Rāzi, prominent Imami traditionist.
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KOLUKJĀNLU
Pierre Oberling
a Kurdish tribe in the Ḵalḵāl region of eastern Azerbaijan.
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KONDORI, MOḤAMMAD B. MANṢUR
C. Edmund Bosworth
(b. ca. 1024, d. 1064), vizier to Ṭoḡrel Beg (r. 1040-63), the first sultan of the Great Saljuqs, and, briefly, to Ṭoḡrel’s successor Alp Arslān (r. 1063-72).
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KONOW, STEN
Fridrik Thordarson
Konow was an all-around Indologist, whose extensive scholarly work covers most branches of Indian studies. His occupation with Grierson’s Linguistic Survey of India, where he edited half a dozen of volumes on various languages, resulted in a long series of studies of Tibeto-Burman, Munda and Dravidian languages.
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KORA-SONNI
Pierre Oberling
a tribe in western Persian Azerbaijan.
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ḴORĀSĀNI, ĀḴUND
Cross-Reference
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ḴORĀSĀNI, MOLLĀ ṢĀDEQ
Vahid Rafati
(d. 1874), teacher, defender and promulgator of the Babi-Bahai faiths.
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KORK
Rudi Matthee
soft wool, also called Kermān wool, used for the manufacture of fine clothing and felt hats.