Table of Contents
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KĀRGĀNRUD
Cross-Reference
the northernmost and largest of the five traditional Ṭāleš khanates (Ḵamsa-ye Ṭavāleš) in western Gilān.
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KARGAR, DARIUSH
Forogh Hashabeiky and Behrooz Sheyda
(1953-2012), Iranist, fiction writer, and journalist. Kargar’s later works of fiction, written in Sweden, participate in the more modern spectrum of writing in the twentieth century and are characterized by his experimentations with disrupted chronology, non-linear plots, and interrupted language reminiscent of stream of consciousness.
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KĀRGOZĀR
Morteza Nouraei
a term used from the early 19th century until the abolishment of capitulation (kāpitulāsion) in 1927 to refer specifically to an agent of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, who was charged with regulating relations between Iranian subjects and foreigners.
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KARIM DEVONA
Keith Hitchins
pen-name of Abdul-Karim Qurbon, Tajik folk poet (1878-1918).
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KARIM KHAN ZAND
John R. Perry
(ca. 1705-1779), “The Wakil,” ruler of Persia (except Khorasan) from Shiraz during 1751-79. The Zand were a pastoral tribe of the Lak branch of the northern Lors, ranging between the inner Zagros and the Hamadān plains, centered on the villages of Pari and Kamāzān in the vicinity of Malāyer.
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KĀRIN
Parvaneh Pourshariati
one of the seven great families of the Parthian and Sasanian periods.
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KĀRIZ
Xavier de Planhol
underground irrigation canals, also called qanāt. The kārēz conducts water from the level of an aquifer to the open air by means of simple gravity in order to distribute it to lower areas.
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KĀRIZ i. Terminology
Xavier de Planhol
underground irrigation canals, also called qanāt.
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KĀRIZ ii. TECHNOLOGY
Xavier de Planhol
The technology of kārēz exploits a difference in grade between a tunnel and the groundwater table, so it ends at an elevation higher than that of the water table. In Iran the average grade may be around 0.5 percent.
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KĀRIZ iii. ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL CONTEXTS
Xavier de Planhol
The major significance of the kārēz lies in its continuous discharge throughout the year. In contrast, irrigation systems that rely on surface water runoff can completely cease to discharge water during the dry season.
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KĀRIZ iv. ORIGIN AND DISSEMINATION
Xavier de Planhol
One very common technique is an underflow channel in a river valley, which captures water from the shallow aquifer formed by seepage from the watercourse.
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KĀRIZ v. KĀRĒZ IN THE LATE 20TH CENTURY AND THEIR PROSPECTS
Xavier de Planhol
In 1990 it was estimated that the kārēz technique supplied water to around 1.5 million hectares of the planet’s total irrigated surface area, which constituted only the minor portion of approximately 0.6 percent.
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KARḴEH RIVER
Eckart Ehlers
the third longest river in Iran after the rivers Karun and Safidrud, flowing in the western provinces of the country. It rises from the Zagros mountain range.
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KARNĀ
Stephen Blum
designation of three types of musical instrument, the most prestigious being long trumpets made of brass, gold, silver, or other metals. Two regional instruments of Iran are also called karnā. Like the metal karnā, the long reed trumpet of Gilān and Māzandarān lacks fingerholes.
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KARRĀMIYA
Aron Zysow
the adherents to a theological and legal movement with a broad following in Khorasan and Afghanistan from the 10th to the 13th centuries, with its intellectual center in Nishapur (Nišāpur).
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KARSĀSP
Prods Oktor Skjærvø
Avestan dragon-slayer, son of Sāma, and eschatological hero. In the Pahlavi and Zoroastrian Persian traditions, several heroic feats are connected with him.
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KARŠIFT
Céline Redard
a mythical bird mentioned in the Avesta and other Zoroastrian texts. -
KARSĪVAZ
Prods Oktor Skjærvø, Mahmoud Omidsalar
in the old Iranian epic tradition the brother of the Turanian king, Afrāsiāb, and the man most responsible for the murder of the Iranian prince Siāvaš.
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KART DYNASTY
Cross-Reference
See ĀL-E KART.
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KARTIR
Prods Oktor Skjærvø
a prominent Zoroastrian priest in the second half of the 3rd century CE, known from his inscriptions and mentioned in Middle Persian, Parthian, and Coptic Manichean texts.