Table of Contents

  • KAYĀNIĀN vii. Kauui Haosrauuah, Kay Husrōy, Kay Ḵosrow

    Prods Oktor Skjærvø

    According to Ṯaʿālebi, having brought order to the earth, worrying that he might be subjected to hubris like several of his predecessors, Kay Ḵosrow left to wander, and no one heard any more from him.

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  • KAYĀNIĀN viii. Kay Luhrāsp, Kay Lohrāsb

    Prods Oktor Skjærvø

    In the Avesta, Vištāspa’s father is Auruuaṯ.aspa, who is mentioned only once, when Zarathustra asks Anāhitā for the ability to make Vištāspa, son of Auruuaṯ.aspa, help the daēnā along with thoughts, words, and deeds, a wish he is granted. 

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  • KAYĀNIĀN ix. Kauui Vištāspa, Kay Wištāsp, Kay Beštāsb/Goštāsb

    Prods Oktor Skjærvø

    The name Vištāspa presumably means “he who gives the horses free rein” (víṣitāso áśvāḥ “horses let loose or given free rein”), which agrees with the description of Vištāspa as the prototypical winner of the chariot race in Yašt 5.132.

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  • KAYĀNIĀN x. The End of the Kayanids

    Prods Oktor Skjærvø

    In the Pahlavi texts. The Bundahišn only records that, when Wahman, son of Spandyād, came to the throne, Iran was a wasteland, and the Iranians were quarreling with one another.

  • KAYĀNIĀN xi. The Kayanids and the Kang-dez

    Prods Oktor Skjærvø

    According to the Pahlavi texts, Kay Siāwaxš built the Kang castle (Kang-diz) by miraculous power (Pahlavi Rivāyat: with his own hands, by means of the [Kavian] xwarrah and the might of Ohrmazd and the Amahrspands).

  • KAYĀNIĀN xii. The Kavian XˇARƎNAH

    Prods Oktor Skjærvø

    The nature of the Avestan xᵛarənah and its three subtypes, the Aryan (airiiana), the “unseizable” (? axᵛarəta), and the Kavian (kāuuaiia).

  • KAYĀNIĀN xiii. Synchronism of the Kayanids and Near Eastern History

    Prods Oktor Skjærvø

    The desire of the medieval historians to fit all the ancient narratives into one and the same chronological description of world history from the creation led them to coordinate the Biblical, Classical, and Iranian sources.

  • KAYĀNIĀN xiv. The Kayanids in Western Historiography

    Prods Oktor Skjærvø

    Henry C. Rawlinson contrasted the “distorted and incomplete allusions to Jemshíd and the Kayanian monarchs” with “authentic history,” and Friedrich Spiegel called the Kayanids partly purely mythical, partly legendary.

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  • KAYĀNSĪH

    A. Panaino

    Pahlavi form of the name of a mythical sea, Av. Kąsaoiia-, connected in tradition with the Hāmun lake. According to Later Av. sources it is from the Kąsaoiia that the Saošiiaṇt Astuuat̰.ərəta- will rise. 

  • KAYFI SABZAVĀRI

    Sunil Sharma

    Persian poet, also known as Kayfi Sistāni and Kayfi Now-Mosalmān.

  • KAYHAN

    EIr.

    a leading daily newspaper published in Tehran from 1942 until the 1979 Revolution. Since then, it has been published under the patronage of the Islamic Republic’s supreme leader. Kayhan of London was foundedin 1984 as a weekly newspaper; it has continued to be published as a monarchist newspaper for Iranians in Diaspora.

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  • KAYKĀVUS B. ESKANDAR

    J.T.P. de Bruijn

    author of a famous Mirror for Princes, best known as the Qābus-nāma, although other, more general titles such as Naṣiḥat-nāma, or Pand-nāma, also occur in the sources. 

  • KAYKĀVUS B. HAZĀRASP

    Cross-reference

    See BADUSPANIDS.

  • ḴAYMA

    Cross-reference

    See TENTS.

  • KAYOMARṮ

    Cross-reference

    See GAYŌMART.

  • ḴAYRḴᵛĀH HERĀTI

    Farhad Daftary

    Nezāri Ismaʿili dāʿi, author, and poet (15th-16th centuries).

  • KAYSĀNIYA

    Sean W. Anthony

    occasionally referred to also as Moḵtāriya, the Shiʿite sectarian movement(s) emerging from the Kufan revolt of Moḵtār b. Abi ʿObayd Ṯaqafi in 66-67/685-87.

  • ḴAZʿAL KHAN

    Shahbaz Shahnavaz

    (Shaikh Ḵazʿal, also known as Moʿez-al-Salṭana, Sardār Aqdas), chieftain of the Banu Kaʿb tribe of Khuzestan (1861-1936).

  • KĀZARUNIYA

    Hamid Algar

    a Sufi order (ṭariqat) so named after Abu Esḥāq Kāzaruni, alternatively designated as Esḥāqiya, especially in Turkey, or more rarely as Moršediya.

  • KĀẒEM, MUSĀ

    Cross-reference

    Imam. See MUSĀ B. JAʿFAR (pending).

  • KĀẒEM RAŠTI

    Armin Eschraghi

    (d. 1844), student and successor of Shaikh Aḥmad b. Zayn-al-Din Aḥsāʾi and head of the Šayḵi movement.  The main sources for Rašti’s biography are some of his own works which contain autobiographical information.

  • KĀẒEM RAŠTI, MALEK-AL-AṬEBBĀʾ

    Hormoz Ebrahimnejad

    one of the high-ranking traditional physicians in 19th-century Iran.

  • KAZEMAYN

    Meir Litvak

    a suburban town in the northwest of Baghdad and one of the four Shiʿite shrine cities in Iraq, known in Shiʿi Islam as ʿatabāt-e ʿāliāt.

  • KĀẒEMI, ḤOSAYN

    Vida Nassehi-Behnam

    (1924-1996), painter. He was part of a group of painters who started a modern movement in painting in Persia. They opened the first art gallery, Apādānā, in Tehran (1949) where they offered courses in painting and organized lectures and exhibitions. It became also a meeting place for artists and intellectuals.

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  • ḴĀZENI, ABU’L-FATḤ

    Faiza Bancel

    astronomer, mathematician, and mechanist originally from the city of Marv in Khorasan.

  • KAZERUN

    Multiple Authors

    city and sub-province in the province of Fars, west of Shiraz. This entry is divided into the following three sections: i. Geography. ii. History. iii. Old Kazerun dialect.

  • KAZERUN i. Geography

    Jean Calmard

    Kazerun is located in the southwestern Zagros range, which is oriented northwest-southeast in the normal folding zone and is seismically active.  Kazerun comprises contrasting climates; there is a cold zone in the mountainous north, with summits up to 3,000 m, and a warm zone in the south, with elevations less than 2,000 m.

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  • KAZERUN ii. History

    Jean Calmard

    From late Safavid times, European travelers provided valuable information on Kazerun (variously spelled) and its region. 

  • KAZERUN iii. Old Kazerun Dialect

    ʿAlī Ašraf Ṣādeqī

    The old dialect of the city of Kazerun was commonly used by the local people up to around the 14th-15th centuries. 

  • KĀZERUNI FAMILY

    Habib Borjian

    Kāzeruni’s fortune was made through his investments in the textile industry, which had long been a major industry in Isfahan but had lost ground to British and Russian cotton imports.  Kāzeruni stood out among the nationalist merchants and landowners who launched new campaigns to revive Isfahan’s cotton production and textile industry.

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  • ḴAZINADĀR

    Willem Floor

    title of the royal treasurer since the early Islamic period.

  • KĒD

    NICHOLAS SIMS-WILLIAMS

    Pahlavi and Bactrian word with meanings ranging from “soothsayer” to “priest,” probably derived from OIran.

  • KÉGL, SÁNDOR

    Miklos Sarkozy

    (b. Szúnyog, Hungary, 1 December 1862; d. Áporka, Hungary, 28 December 1920), Hungarian orientalist, polymath, and bibliophile who devoted a major part of his studies to Persian literature.

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  • KELĀRDAŠT

    Cross-reference

    (or Kalārdašt), see KALĀRESTĀQ.

  • ḴELʿAT

    Willem Floor

    (Ar. ḵelʿa, pl. ḵelaʿ), term used in Iran, India, Central Asia for gifts, but in particular a robe of honor.

  • KELIDAR

    Mohammad Reza Ghanoonparvar

    a monumental novel of nearly three thousand pages in five volumes consisting of ten books published over the period 1978-84 by Maḥmud Dawlatābādi, the noted Iranian novelist and ardent social realist.

  • KELIM (GELIM)

    Sumru Belger Krody

    a kind of flat-woven carpet employed by settled and nomadic families for a host of uses, primarily but not exclusively for covering household items and furnishing the interior of dwellings.

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  • KEMĀḴ

    Hurivash Ahmadi Dastgerdi and EIr.

    a town and fortress in eastern Anatolia that was often involved in the border wars of the early Islamic period.

  • KENT, ROLAND GRUBB

    Rüdiger Schmitt

    American scholar of Indo-European studies, who specialized also in Old Persian studies. He went to Berlin and Munich universities to continue for two years his classical studies, including (apart from the languages) Greek epigraphy, history, and archeology.

  • KÉPES, GÉZA

    András Bodrogligeti

    (1909-1989), Hungarian poet and translator of Persian poetry. He was the son of a blacksmith and proud of his origins, claiming that the legacy of his father’s craftsmanship as a skilled artisan.

  • KEPHALAIA

    Iain Gardner

    genre of literature developed by the Manichean communities in the early Sasanian empire, primarily preserved by two papyrus codices in Coptic translation from Egypt dating to the early fifth century CE.

  • ḴERAD-NĀMA

    Dariush Kargar and EIr.

    title given to a compilation of Persian texts on practical philosophy dated to the 6th/12th century.

  • KEREŠMA

    Gen’ichi Tsuge

    a musical term denoting a guša, or a metric section within a guša, based on any dastgāh.

  • KERIYA

    Alain Cariou

    Because of the Chinese government program for urban development, Uighur neighborhoods are consistently demolished to make way for straight avenues and banal, modern buildings.  Moreover, the Chinese government is promoting the migration of Han Chinese.

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  • KERMAN

    Multiple Authors

    province of Iran located between Fars and Sistan va Balučestān; also the name of its principal city and capital.

  • KERMAN i. GEOGRAPHY

    Habib Borjian

    Kerman Province is situated in southeast Iran. It is divided into two distinct macroclimates, sardsir (cold) in the upland north and garmsir (warm) in the lowland south, generally speaking.

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  • KERMAN ii. HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY

    Xavier de Planhol and Bernard Hourcade

    The Kerman basin, in which Kerman City is situated, is located at an elevation of about 1,700 m with land sloping very gently from northwest to southeast.  It is entirely surrounded by a series of high massifs.

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  • KERMAN iii. POPULATION

    Habibollah Zanjani and 
Mohammad-Hossein Nejatian

    In 1956, the total population of the province was around 789,000 persons (of whom, 127,624 then belonged to Bandar Abbas), while in the 2011 population and housing census, it had increased to nearly 2,939,000.

  • KERMAN v. HISTORY FROM THE ISLAMIC CONQUEST TO THE COMING OF THE MONGOLS

    C. Edmund Bosworth

    The Armenian geography written in the second half of the 8th century and traditionally attributed to Moses of Khoren places Kerman in the southern quarter of the Sasanian empire.

  • KERMAN vii. HISTORY IN THE SAFAVID PERIOD

    Rudi Matthee

    Kerman is one of the few places in Iran that had long generated local Persian-language chronicles, and the 17th century was no exception.