Table of Contents

• KAVI

  cross-reference

  See KAYĀNIĀN.

• ḴĀVIĀR

  Cross-reference

  See CAVIAR.

• KAVIR

  Cross-Reference

  Persian word meaning "desert." See DESERT.

• KĀVUS

  Cross-reference

  See KAYĀNIĀN.

• KAWĀD I

  Multiple Authors

  Sasanian king, son of Pērōz I. This entry is divided into two sections:  i. Reign. ii. Coinage.

• KAWĀD I i. Reign

  Nikolaus Schindel

  The reign of Kawād I, lasting with an interruption of some three years from 488 to 531, is a turning point in Sasanian history.

• KAWĀD I ii. Coinage

  Nikolaus Schindel

  Since the reign of Jāmāsp interrupts the two regnal periods of Kawād I, and because of marked differences between the two, they should be treated separately. Kawād employs only one obverse and one reverse type during his first reign. The obverse shows the king’s bust to the right wearing a crown consisting of a crescent and two mural elements, which corresponds to the second crown of Pērōz (457-84).

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• KAWĀD II

  Cross-Reference

  Sasanian king (r. 628), son of  ḴOSROW II.   See ŠIRUYA (entry pending).

• ḴAWARNAQ

  Renate Würsch

  a medieval castle built in the vicinity of the ancient city of al-Ḥira by Laḵmid rulers of Iraq to whose name frequent references has been made in pre-modern Persian literary works.

• KAY

  Cross-reference

  See KAYĀNIĀN.

• KAY KĀVUS

  Cross-reference

  See KAYĀNIĀN.

• KAY ḴOSROW

  Cross-reference

  See KAYĀNIĀN.

• KAY-ḴOSROW KHAN

  Hirotake Maeda

  (1674-1711), Georgian royal prince of the Kartlian branch, also known as Ḵosrow Khan.

• KAY QOBĀD

  Cross-reference

  See KAYĀNIĀN.

• ḴAYĀL, Mir Moḥammad-Taqi

  Mohammad Sohayb Arshad

  (d. 1759), Indian author of a collection of historical and fictitious stories composed in Persian in fifteen volumes over fourteen years and titled Bustān-e ḵayāl.

• KAYĀNIĀN

  Prods Oktor Skjærvø

  (Kayanids), in the early Persian epic tradition a dynasty that ruled Iran before the Achaemenids, all of whom bore names prefixed by Kay from Avestan kauui.

• KAYĀNIĀN i. Kavi: Avestan kauui, Pahlavi kay

  Prods Oktor Skjærvø

  Kavi is the Indo-Iranian term for “(visionary) poet.”  The term may be older than Indo-Iranian, if Lydian kaveś and the Samothracean title cited by Hesychius as koíēs or kóēs are related.

• KAYĀNIĀN ii. The Kayanids as a Group

  Prods Oktor Skjærvø

  References to the kauuis in the Avesta are found in the yašts in the lists of heroes who sacrificed to various deities for certain rewards.

• KAYĀNIĀN iii. Kauui Kauuāta, Kay Kawād, Kay Kobād (Qobād)

  Prods Oktor Skjærvø

  Kauui Kauuāta (Figure 1) has no epithets in the Avesta to describe him, and the descriptions in the Pahlavi sources are mostly vague.

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• KAYĀNIĀN iv. “Minor” Kayanids

  Prods Oktor Skjærvø

  The Avesta contains no information on Aipi.vahu, Aršan, Pisinah, and Biiaršan, but, according to the Pahlavi tradition, Abīweh was the son of Kawād and the father of Arš, Biyarš (spelled <byʾlš>), Pisīn, and Kāyus.

• KAYĀNIĀN v. Kauui Usan, Kay-Us, Kay Kāvus

  Prods Oktor Skjærvø

  With Kauui Usan (Usaδan), Pahlavi Kay Us (Kāy Us), Persian Kay Kāvus, the sources become a bit more substantial. His name corresponds to Old Indic Kāvya Uśánas.

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• KAYĀNIĀN vi. Siiāuuaršan, Siyāwaxš, Siāvaš

  Prods Oktor Skjærvø

  Siiāuuaršan, “the one with black stallions,” is listed in the Avesta in Yašt 13.132 as a kauui and the third with a name containing aršan “male.” 

• KAYĀNIĀN vii. Kauui Haosrauuah, Kay Husrōy, Kay Ḵosrow

  Prods Oktor Skjærvø

  The name Haosrauuah is a vriddi formation of *husrauuah “he who has good fame” and ought to mean “good fame” by itself.

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• KAYĀNIĀN viii. Kay Luhrāsp, Kay Lohrāsb

  Prods Oktor Skjærvø

  In the Avesta, Vištāspa’s father is Auruuaṯ.aspa, who is mentioned only once, when Zarathustra asks Anāhitā for the ability to make Vištāspa, son of Auruuaṯ.aspa, help the daēnā along with thoughts, words, and deeds, a wish he is granted.

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• KAYĀNIĀN ix. Kauui Vištāspa, Kay Wištāsp, Kay Beštāsb/Goštāsb

  Prods Oktor Skjærvø

  The name Vištāspa presumably means “he who gives the horses free rein” (cf. Rigveda 6.6.4víṣitāso áśvāḥ “horses let loose or given free rein”).

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• KAYĀNIĀN x. The End of the Kayanids

  Prods Oktor Skjærvø

  In the Pahlavi texts. The Bundahišn only records that, when Wahman, son of Spandyād, came to the throne, Iran was a wasteland, and the Iranians were quarreling with one another.

• KAYĀNIĀN xi. The Kayanids and the Kang-dez

  Prods Oktor Skjærvø

  According to the Pahlavi texts, Kay Siāwaxš built the Kang castle (Kang-diz) by miraculous power (Pahlavi Rivāyat: with his own hands, by means of the [Kavian] xwarrah and the might of Ohrmazd and the Amahrspands).

• KAYĀNIĀN xii. The Kavian XVARƎNAH

  Prods Oktor Skjærvø

  The nature of the Avestan xᵛarənah and its three subtypes, the Aryan (airiiana), the “unseizable” (? axᵛarəta), and the Kavian (kāuuaiia).

• KAYĀNIĀN xiii. Synchronism of the Kayanids and Near Eastern History

  Prods Oktor Skjærvø

  The desire of the medieval historians to fit all the ancient narratives into one and the same chronological description of world history from the creation led them to coordinate the Biblical, Classical, and Iranian sources.

• KAYĀNIĀN xiv. The Kayanids in Western Historiography

  Prods Oktor Skjærvø

  In Western historiography up into the 19th century, the historicity of the pre-Achaemenid Persian dynasties was taken for granted, and the Kayanids, the “second dynasty of Persian kings,” were commonly identified with the Babylonian, Assyrian, and Median kings.

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• KAYĀNSĪH

  A. Panaino

  Pahlavi form of the name of a mythical sea, Av. Kąsaoiia-, connected in tradition with the Hāmun lake. According to Later Av. sources it is from the Kąsaoiia that the Saošiiaṇt Astuuat̰.ərəta- will rise. 

• KAYFI SABZAVĀRI

  Sunil Sharma

  Persian poet, also known as Kayfi Sistāni and Kayfi Now-Mosalmān.

• KAYHAN

  EIr.

  a leading daily newspaper published in Tehran under the aegis of Moṣṭafā Meṣbāḥzādeh (1908-2006) from 1942 until the 1979 Revolution.

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• KAYKĀVUS B. ESKANDAR

  J.T.P. de Bruijn

  author of a famous Mirror for Princes, best known as the Qābus-nāma, although other, more general titles such as Naṣiḥat-nāma, or Pand-nāma, also occur in the sources. 

• KAYKĀVUS B. HAZĀRASP

  Cross-reference

  See BADUSPANIDS.

• ḴAYMA

  Cross-reference

  See TENTS.

• KAYOMARṮ

  Cross-reference

  See GAYŌMART.

• ḴAYRḴᵛĀH HERĀTI

  Farhad Daftary

  Nezāri Ismaʿili dāʿi, author, and poet (15th-16th centuries).

• KAYSĀNIYA

  Sean W. Anthony

  occasionally referred to also as Moḵtāriya, the Shiʿite sectarian movement(s) emerging from the Kufan revolt of Moḵtār b. Abi ʿObayd Ṯaqafi in 66-67/685-87.

• ḴAZʿAL KHAN

  Shahbaz Shahnavaz

  (Shaikh Ḵazʿal, also known as Moʿez-al-Salṭana, Sardār Aqdas), chieftain of the Banu Kaʿb tribe of Khuzestan (1861-1936).

• KĀZARUNIYA

  Hamid Algar

  a Sufi order (ṭariqat) so named after Abu Esḥāq Kāzaruni, alternatively designated as Esḥāqiya, especially in Turkey, or more rarely as Moršediya.

• KĀẒEM RAŠTI

  Armin Eschraghi

  (d. 1844), student and successor of Shaikh Aḥmad b. Zayn-al-Din Aḥsāʾi and head of the Šayḵi movement.  The main sources for Rašti’s biography are some of his own works which contain autobiographical information.

• KĀẒEM RAŠTI, MALEK-AL-AṬEBBĀʾ

  Hormoz Ebrahimnejad

  one of the high-ranking traditional physicians in 19th-century Iran.

• KĀẒEM, MUSĀ

  Cross-reference

  , Imam. See MUSĀ B. JAʿFAR (pending).

• KAZEMAYN

  Meir Litvak

  a suburban town in the northwest of Baghdad and one of the four Shiʿite shrine cities in Iraq, known in Shiʿi Islam as ʿatabāt-e ʿāliāt.

• KĀẒEMI, ḤOSAYN

  Vida Nassehi-Behnam

  (1924-1996), painter. He was part of a group of painters who started a modern movement in painting in Persia. They opened the first art gallery, Apādānā, in Tehran (1949) where they offered courses in painting and organized lectures and exhibitions. It became also a meeting place for artists and intellectuals.

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• ḴĀZENI, ABU’L-FATḤ

  Faiza Bancel

  astronomer, mathematician, and mechanist originally from the city of Marv in Khorasan.

• KAZERUN

  Multiple Authors

  city and sub-province in the province of Fars, west of Shiraz. This entry is divided into the following three sections: i. Geography. ii. History. iii. Old Kazerun dialect.

• KAZERUN i. Geography

  Jean Calmard

  the sub-province (šahrestān) of Kazerun is bounded by the sub-provinces of Shiraz to the east, Mamasani to the north, Bušehr to the west and southwest, and Farrāšband to the southeast.

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• KAZERUN ii. History

  Jean Calmard

  From late Safavid times, European travelers provided valuable information on Kazerun (variously spelled) and its region.