Table of Contents

• JULFA iii. THE 20TH CENTURY

  Vazken S. Ghougassian

  The Constitutional Revolution of 1905-11 had a profound impact on Persian society as a whole. Armenians were actively involved in the constitutional movement.

• JULFA iv. ARCHITECTURE AND PAINTING

  Armen Haghnazarian

  By 1640 New Julfa had grown into an important cultural center with many public buildings, including churches, markets, and bath houses.

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• JULFA v. ARMENIANS IN INDIA

  Sebouh Aslanian

  In the 17th century, Julfan merchants expanded their trade network in South Asia, and at the beginning of the 18th century the Primate of New Julfa had jurisdiction over the Armenian congregations in India and Java.

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• JULIAN

  Erich Kettenhofen

  (Flavius Claudius Iulianus), Roman emperor (r. 361-63). The present article deals only with Julian’s military campaign against the Sasanians up to his death.

• JUNGE, PETER JULIUS

  A. Shapur Shahbazi

  German ancient historian and Iranologist (1913-1943).

• JUNKER, HEINRICH FRANZ JOSEF

  Werner Sundermann

  scholar of Iranian, Indo-European, Korean, and general linguistics (1889-1970). Junker’s interest in exotic scripts and in languages in general inspired him to take up Iranian studies.

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• JUSTI, FERDINAND (WILHELM JAKOB)

  Rüdiger Schmitt

  German scholar of Oriental, particularly Iranian, studies, comparative philologist, and folklorist (1837-1907).

• JUSTINIAN I

  Erich Kettenhofen

  (Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Justinianus), Eastern Roman emperor, 527-65; his rule was marked by several military conflicts with the Sasanian empire under Kawād I and Chosroes (Ḵosrow) I.

• JUYBĀRIS

  R. D. McChesney

  prominent Bukharan family dynasty, whose leading social position lasted more than 500 years. One of the foundations of the family’s status was spiritual.