Table of Contents

• JIWĀM

  Firoze M. Kotwal and Jamsheed K. Choksy

  “(consecrated) milk,” the designation for one of the organic items—now a mixture of milk and consecrated water—used in the  high or inner liturgical rituals of the Zoroastrians.

• JÑĀNOLKADHĀRAṆĪ

  Mauro Maggi

  “Spell of [the Buddha] Jñānolka,” the name of a short Buddhist text of the Mahayanist tradition containing two magic spells (dhāraṇī) aimed at the protection and deliverance of beings.

• JOBBĀʾI

  Sabine Schmidtke

  the name of two Muʿtazilite theologians, Abu ʿAli Moḥammad b. ʿAbd-al-Wahhāb (849-915) and his son Abu Hāšem ʿAbd-al-Salām (890-933).

• JOČI

  Michal Biran

  (in Persian and Turkic also Tuši, Duši, ca. 1184-1227), the eldest son of Čengiz Khan (d. 1227) and the ancestor of the khans of the Golden Horde, the westernmost Mongolian khanate.

• JOFT-E GĀV

  Cross-Reference

  "pair of oxen," term used in traditional farming system of Iran. See GĀVBAND.

• JOḠD

  cross-reference

  See BUF.

• JOLLĀBI, ABU’L-ḤASAN

  cross-reference

  See HOJVIRI, ABU’L-ḤASAN.

• JOMUR

  P. Oberling

  (also angl. Jumur), a small Sunnite Kurdish tribe of northern Lorestān.

• JONAS, Hans

  Kurt Rudolph

  In 1958 Jonas published The Gnostic Religion, which is a revised English version of his German study of gnosticism. He was a prolific author who wrote many books, essays, and articles on the philosophical problems of nature, organism, and technology. 

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• JONAYD

  Kathryn Babayan

  B. EBRĀHIM, a patrilineal descendant of Shaikh Ṣafi-al-Din (d. 1334), the founder of the Ṣafaviya order in Ardabil. Jonayd played the central role in expanding the membership of the order.