Table of Contents

• JABA

  Peter Jackson

  (Jebe), 13th-century Mongol general of the Besüt (Bisut) tribe under Čengiz Khan. His original name was Jirḡoʾadai,

• JABAL ʿĀMEL

  RULA ABISAAB

  , SHIʿITE ULAMA OF, in the Safavid Period. The Safavid monarchs sought prominent clerics who would strengthen their rule by promoting a standard urban system of  Shiʿite worship.

• JABAL-E SERĀJ

  Erwin Grötzbach

  a small town in the province of Parvān in Afghanistan, located at the mouth of the Sālang valley in Kabul Kohestān to the north of the city of Charikar (Čārikār).

• JABBĀR ḴĒL

  M. Jamil Hanifi

  the leading lineage of the Solaymān Ḵēl Paxtun tribe of the Ḡalzi/Ḡilzi (q.v.) tribal confederation of eastern and southeastern Afghanistan.

• JABBĀRA

  P. Oberling

  a group of Shiʿite Arabs in Fārs province who, together with the Šaybāni, form the Arab tribe of the Ḵamsa tribal confederation.

• JĀBER JOʿFI

  Maria Dakake

  , ABU ʿABD-ALLĀH,  a Kufan traditionist and companion of the fifth and sixth Shiʿite Imams, Moḥammad al-Bāqer and Jaʿfar al-Ṣādeq.

• JĀBERI

  Colin Pual Mitchell

  , MIRZĀ SALMĀN, vizier and prominent statesman during the reigns of Shah Esmāʿil II (1576-77) and Shah Moḥammad Ḵodābanda (1577-88).

• JABḠUYA

  C. Edmund Bosworth

  Arabo-Persian form of the Central Asian title yabḡu. Although it is best known as a Turkish title of nobility, it was in use many centuries before the Turks appear in the historical record.

• JACKAL

  Steven C. Anderson

  , Golden or Asiatic (Canis aureus, MPers. tōrag, NPers. tura, šaḡāl), a medium-size member of the dog family (Canidae) occurring throughout Afghanistan and Iran. Scavenging supplies a small percentage of the diet, especially in habitats away from humans; and carrion consists mainly of road kill and, around villages, garbage. Jackals are omnivorous, opportunistic feeders, eating fruits and vegetables as well as hunting small animals.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• JACKSON, ABRAHAM VALENTINE WILLIAMS

  William W. Malandra

  (1862-1937), pioneer of Iranian studies in America and prominent Iranist for half a century. The most important book of Jackson perhaps was Zoroaster, the Prophet of Ancient Iran (1898). He was not among those who belittled indigenous traditions, nor did he embrace positivistic historiography. He had an abiding faith in the basic historicity of these sources.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• JADE

  Manuel Keene

  (nephrite; Pers. yašm, yašb, yašf, yaṣb). An extremely small range of pre-Islamic Iranian jades have thus far been published, despite the very ancient employment of jade in eastern Iran. The known material is often of extraordinary refinement, and testifies to an extensive influence on other jadecarving cultures, including the Chinese.

• JADE i. Introduction

  Manuel Keene

• JADE ii. Pre-Islamic Iranian Jades

  Manuel Keene

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• JADE iii. Jade Carving, 4th century B.C.E to 15th century C.E.

  Manuel Keene

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• JADIDISM

  K. Hitchens

  a movement of reform among Muslim intellectuals in Central Asia, mainly among the Uzbeks and the Tajiks, from the first years of the 20th century to the 1920s.

• JAF (JĀF)

  M. Reza Fariborz Hamzeh’ee

  a once large Kurdish nomadic confederation living in south Iraqi Kurdistan and in the Sanandaj area of Iranian Kurdistan.

• JAʿFAR AL-ṢĀDEQ

  Multiple Authors

  ABU ʿABD-ALLĀH (ca. 702-765), the sixth imam of the Imami Shiʿites.

• JAʿFAR AL-ṢĀDEQ i. Life

  Robert Gleaves

• JAʿFAR AL-ṢĀDEQ ii. Teachings

  Robert Gleaves

• JAʿFAR AL-ṢĀDEQ iii. And Sufism

  Hamid Algar

• JAʿFAR AL-ṢĀDEQ iv. And Esoteric sciences

  Daniel De Smet

• JAʿFAR AL-ṢĀDEQ v. And herbal medicine

  Ahmad Kazemi Moussavi

• JAʿFAR B. MANṢUR-AL-YAMAN

  Hamid Haji

  a high-ranking Ismaʿili author who flourished in the 10th century, during the reigns of the first four Fatimid caliphs.

• JAʿFAR B. MOḤAMMAD B. ḤARB

  Joseph van Ess

  , ABU’L-FAŻL AL-HAMDĀNI (d. 850), also called al-Ašajj ("scar-face" or "skull-broken"), Muʿtazilite theologian who lived in Baghdad.

• JAʿFAR B. YAḤYĀ BARMAKI

  cross-reference

  See BARMAKIDS.

• JAʿFAR ḴĀN AZ FARANG ĀMADA

  MARYAM SHARIATI

  acclaimed satirical drama in one act by ʿAli Nowruz, a pen name of the playwright Ḥasan Moqaddam (1895-1925).

• JAʿFAR KHAN AZ FARANG ĀMADEH

  cross-reference

  See MOQADDAM, ḤASAN. Forthcoming, online.

• JAʿFAR KHAN BAḴTIĀRI

  cross-reference

  See BAḴTIĀRI (1).

• JAʿFARI, ŠAʿBĀN

  H. E. Chehabi

  (1921-2006), athlete, and rightwing political agent from the early 1940s to the early 1950s.

• JAʿFARQOLI KHAN BAḴTIĀRI

  cross-reference

  See BAḴTIĀRI (1).

• JAFR

  Gernot Windfuhr

  a term of uncertain etymology used to designate the major divinatory art in Islamic mysticism and gnosis—the art  of discovering the predestined fate of nations, dynasties, religions, and individuals by a variety of methods.

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• JAGARḴWIN

  Keith Hitchins

  (or Cegerxwin), pseudonym of Şêxmûs Hesen (1903-1984), considered by many the leading Kurdish poet of the 20th century writing in Kurmanji.

• JAḠATU

  Nicholas Sims-Williams

  an archeological site in Ḡazni province, Afghanistan, situated about 20 km north of Ḡazni on the route between Ḡazni and Wardak.

• JAGHATAY

  cross-reference

  See CHAGHATAYID DYNASTY.

• JAḠMINI, MAḤMUD

  Lutz Richter-Bernburg

  b. Moḥammad b. ʿOmar  (d. 1344), the author of a brief Arabic survey of mathematical astronomy.

• JĀḠORI

  A. Monsutti

  a term of uncertain etymological origin for both a tribal section of the Hazāras and a district (woluswāli) of Ḡazni province in Afghanistan.

• JAHĀN TIMÜR

  Charles Melville

  recognized briefly as Il-khan in Iraq and Mesopotamia in 1339-40 during the period of the collapse of the Il-khanate.

• JAHĀN-E ZANĀN

  Nassereddin Parvin

  (Women’s World), short-lived magazine, 1921.

• JAHĀN-MALEK ḴĀTUN

  Dominic Parviz Brookshaw

  (d. after 1382), Injuid princess, poet, and contemporary of Ḥāfeẓ.

• JAHĀNĀRĀ BEGUM

  Stephen Dale

  (1614-81), the eldest surviving daughter of the Mughal Emperor Šāh Jahān and his favorite wife, Momtāz Mahal.

• JAHĀNBEGLU

  P. Oberling

  (or Jānbeglu), one of several Kurdish tribes transplanted from northwestern Persia to Māzandarān by Āḡā Moḥammad Khan Qajar (r. 1789-97).

• JAHĀNGAŠT

  cross-reference

   See BOḴĀRI, SHAIKH JALĀL-AL-DIN.

• JAHĀNGIR

  Lisa Balabanlilar

  the fourth Mughal emperor, the first of his dynasty to have been born in India (1569-1627).

• JAHĀNGIR KHAN ŠIRĀZI

  cross-reference

  See ṢUR-E ESRĀFIL.

• JAHĀNGOŠĀ-YE JOVAYNI

  Charles Melville

  , TĀRIḴ-E,  title of the history of the Mongols composed in 1252-60 by the Il-khanid Persian vizier, ʿAlāʾ-al-Din Abu’l-Moẓaffar ʿAṭā-Malek Jovayni.

• JAHĀNGOŠĀ-YE NĀDERI

  Ernest Tucker

  , TĀRIḴ-E (or Tāriḵ-e nāderi), one of the most important chronicles of the reign of Nāder Shah Afšār (r. 1736-47) by his court secretary, Mirzā Moḥammad-Mahdi Khan EEstrābādi/Astarābādi.

• JAHĀNŠĀH QARĀ QOYUNLU

  Cross-Reference

  See QARĀ QOYUNLU DYNASTY. Forthcoming.

• JĀḤEẒ

  Michael Cooperson

  , ABU ʿOṮMĀN ʿAMR B. BAḤR (b. ca. 776; d. 868-9), the leading Arabic prose writer of the 9th century.

• JAHM B. ṢAFWĀN

  Joseph van Ess

  , ABU MOḤREZ, Islamic theologian of the Umayyad period (d. 746). Documentation about him is scarce and not entirely reliable.

• JAHN, KARL EMIL OSKAR

  J. T. P. DE Bruijn

  (1906-1985), Czech orientalist who specialized in Central Asian history, Persian historiography, and Turcology.