Table of Contents

• JABA

  Peter Jackson

  (Jebe), 13th-century Mongol general of the Besüt (Bisut) tribe under Čengiz Khan. His original name was Jirḡoʾadai.

• JABAL ʿĀMEL

  RULA ABISAAB

  , SHIʿITE ULAMA OF, in the Safavid Period. The Safavid monarchs sought prominent clerics who would strengthen their rule by promoting a standard urban system of  Shiʿite worship.

• JABAL-E SERĀJ

  Erwin Grötzbach

  a small town in the province of Parvān in Afghanistan, located at the mouth of the Sālang valley in Kabul Kohestān to the north of the city of Charikar (Čārikār).

• JABBĀR ḴĒL

  M. Jamil Hanifi

  the leading lineage of the Solaymān Ḵēl Paxtun tribe of the Ḡalzi/Ḡilzi tribal confederation of eastern and southeastern Afghanistan.

• JABBĀRA

  P. Oberling

  a group of Shiʿite Arabs in Fārs province who, together with the Šaybāni, form the Arab tribe of the Ḵamsa tribal confederation.

• JĀBER JOʿFI

  Maria Dakake

  , ABU ʿABD-ALLĀH,  a Kufan traditionist and companion of the fifth and sixth Shiʿite Imams, Moḥammad al-Bāqer and Jaʿfar al-Ṣādeq.

• JĀBERI

  Colin Pual Mitchell

  , MIRZĀ SALMĀN, vizier and prominent statesman during the reigns of Shah Esmāʿil II (1576-77) and Shah Moḥammad Ḵodābanda (1577-88).

• JABḠUYA

  C. Edmund Bosworth

  Arabo-Persian form of the Central Asian title yabḡu. Although it is best known as a Turkish title of nobility, it was in use many centuries before the Turks appear in the historical record.

• JACKAL

  Steven C. Anderson

  , Golden or Asiatic (Canis aureus, MPers. tōrag, NPers. tura, šaḡāl), a medium-size member of the dog family (Canidae) occurring throughout Afghanistan and Iran. Scavenging supplies a small percentage of the diet, especially in habitats away from humans; and carrion consists mainly of road kill and, around villages, garbage. Jackals are omnivorous, opportunistic feeders, eating fruits and vegetables as well as hunting small animals.

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• JACKSON, ABRAHAM VALENTINE WILLIAMS

  William W. Malandra

  (1862-1937), pioneer of Iranian studies in America and prominent Iranist for half a century. The most important book of Jackson perhaps was Zoroaster, the Prophet of Ancient Iran (1898). He was not among those who belittled indigenous traditions, nor did he embrace positivistic historiography. He had an abiding faith in the basic historicity of these sources.

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• JADE

  Manuel Keene

  (nephrite; Pers. yašm, yašb, yašf, yaṣb). An extremely small range of pre-Islamic Iranian jades have thus far been published, despite the very ancient employment of jade in eastern Iran. The known material is often of extraordinary refinement, and testifies to an extensive influence on other jadecarving cultures, including the Chinese.

• JADE i. Introduction

  Manuel Keene

  carvings in pre-Islamic Central and Western Asia was largely an east Iranian and Turkic phenomenon, and the same holds true for the Islamic tradition.

• JADE ii. Pre-Islamic Iranian Jades

  Manuel Keene

  an extremely small range of pre-Islamic Iranian jades have thus far been published, despite the very ancient employment of jade in eastern Iran.

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• JADE iii. Jade Carving, 4th century B.C.E to 15th century C.E.

  Manuel Keene

  the eleven ancient and medieval jades illustrated in the plates are representatives of a very large and expanding corpus of ancient and medieval Iranian jades.

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• JADIDISM

  K. Hitchens

  a movement of reform among Muslim intellectuals in Central Asia, mainly among the Uzbeks and the Tajiks, from the first years of the 20th century to the 1920s.

• JAF (JĀF)

  M. Reza Fariborz Hamzeh’ee

  a once large Kurdish nomadic confederation living in south Iraqi Kurdistan and in the Sanandaj area of Iranian Kurdistan.

• JAʿFAR AL-ṢĀDEQ

  Multiple Authors

  ABU ʿABD-ALLĀH (ca. 702-765), the sixth imam of the Imami Shiʿites. Spent most of his life in Medina, where he built up a circle of followers primarily as a theologian, Ḥadith transmitter, and jurist (faqih).

• JAʿFAR AL-ṢĀDEQ i. Life

  Robert Gleaves

  life spanned the latter half of the Umayyad dynasty ruling from Damascus, which was marked by various rebellions, the rise of the ʿAbbasids, and the establishment of the ʿAbbasid caliphate in Baghdad.

• JAʿFAR AL-ṢĀDEQ ii. Teachings

  Robert Gleaves

  teaching is hampered by the fact that his views are reported in support of a number of contradictory theological and legal positions. 

• JAʿFAR AL-ṢĀDEQ iii. And Sufism

  Hamid Algar

  all the Sufi orders claim initiatic descent from the Prophet exclusively through ʿAli b. Abi Ṭāleb, the first imam of the Ahl al-Bayt, and many speak also of a selselat al-ḏahab (golden chain), linking them with all of the first eight of the Twelve Imams.