Table of Contents

  • JEYḤUNĀBĀDI

    Mojan Membrado

    (1871-1920), ḤĀJJ NEʿMAT-ALLĀH MOKRI, an influential mystic whose stated mission was to collect and record the previously oral traditions of the Ahl-e Ḥaqq.

  • JEZYA

    Vera B. Moreen

    the poll or capitation tax levied on members of non-Muslim monotheistic faith communities (Jews, Christians, and, eventually, Zoroastrians), who fell under the protection (ḏemma) of Muslim Arab conquerors.

  • JIHAD

    cross-reference

    "holy war." See ISLAM IN IRAN xi. Jihad in Islam.

  • JIHOṆIKA

    O. Bopearachchi

    a ruler in northwestern India known to us from his coins and an inscription (1st cent. CE).

  • JIROFT

    Multiple Authors

    sub-province (šahrestān), town, and dam in Kerman Province. i. Geography. ii. Human geography and environment. iii. General survey of excavations. iv. Iconography of chlorite artifacts.

  • JIROFT i. Geography of Jiroft Sub-Province

    M. Badanj and EIr.

    Located in the south of Kerman Province, the sub-province of Jiroft is bound by those of Kermān (north), Bam (east), ʿAnbarābād and Kahnuj (south), and Bāft (west).

  • JIROFT ii. HUMAN GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENT

    Eric Fouache

    Jiroft is the regional capital of the middle section of the Halil Rud valley, southern Kerman Province. The valley, oriented northwest to southeast, 400 km long, takes its source in the Zagros mountain range north of Jiroft and ends in the endorheic Jaz-murian basin.

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  • JIROFT iii. GENERAL SURVEY OF EXCAVATIONS

    Oscar White Muscarella

    All the artifacts known to date that are accorded the Jiroft label have not been excavated; they have in fact been plundered.

  • JIROFT iv. ICONOGRAPHY OF CHLORITE ARTIFACTS

    Jean Perrot

    Technical variations, notably in the inlaying method of colored stones, point to the existence of several workshops. Considering style, the aesthetic ratio of the whole is comparatively high.

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  • JĪVAKAPUSTAKA

    Mauro Maggi

    a medical text in Sanskrit and Khotanese belonging to the Indian Ayurvedic tradition.

  • JIWĀM

    Firoze M. Kotwal and Jamsheed K. Choksy

    “(consecrated) milk,” the designation for one of the organic items—now a mixture of milk and consecrated water—used in the  high or inner liturgical rituals of the Zoroastrians.

  • JÑĀNOLKADHĀRAṆĪ

    Mauro Maggi

    “Spell of [the Buddha] Jñānolka,” the name of a short Buddhist text of the Mahayanist tradition containing two magic spells (dhāraṇī) aimed at the protection and deliverance of beings.

  • JOBBĀʾI

    Sabine Schmidtke

    the name of two Muʿtazilite theologians, Abu ʿAli Moḥammad b. ʿAbd-al-Wahhāb (849-915) and his son Abu Hāšem ʿAbd-al-Salām (890-933).

  • JOČI

    Michal Biran

    (in Persian and Turkic also Tuši, Duši, ca. 1184-1227), the eldest son of Čengiz Khan (d. 1227) and the ancestor of the khans of the Golden Horde, the westernmost Mongolian khanate.

  • JOFT-E GĀV

    Cross-Reference

    "pair of oxen," term used in traditional farming system of Iran. See GĀVBAND.

  • JOḠD

    cross-reference

    See BUF.

  • JOLLĀBI, ABU’L-ḤASAN

    cross-reference

    See HOJVIRI, ABU’L-ḤASAN.

  • JOMUR

    P. Oberling

    (also angl. Jumur), a small Sunnite Kurdish tribe of northern Lorestān.

  • JONAS, Hans

    Kurt Rudolph

    In 1958 Jonas published The Gnostic Religion, which is a revised English version of his German study of gnosticism. He was a prolific author who wrote many books, essays, and articles on the philosophical problems of nature, organism, and technology. 

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  • JONAYD

    Kathryn Babayan

    B. EBRĀHIM, a patrilineal descendant of Shaikh Ṣafi-al-Din (d. 1334), the founder of the Ṣafaviya order in Ardabil. Jonayd played the central role in expanding the membership of the order.

  • JONAYD-E NAQQĀŠ

    Barbara Brend

    a painter of the 14th century, known from one reference and one picture.

  • JONDIŠĀBUR

    cross-reference

    See GONDĒŠĀPUR.

  • JONES, WILLIAM

    Michael J. Franklin

    (1746-1794), Sir, orientalist and judge, noted for his enduring commitment to a syncretic East-West synthesis and unshakeable belief in cultural pluralism.

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  • JONG

    David J. Roxburgh

    literary miscellany of Persian prose and poetry, and album of pictures and illustrations. Inventiveness in the production of jongs peaked in Persia in the 1400s and continued into the 1500s, when techniques such as découpage, gold-sprinkled, stenciled, and/or painted borders, and  colored inks or outline for calligraphy were introduced.

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  • JONG-E ESFAHĀN

    Jalil Doostkhah

    (Isfahan anthology), an independent, avant-garde literary periodical, established in Isfahan in 1965 by a circle of literary men, irregularly producing 11 issues from 1965 to 1973. 

  • JORBĀDAQĀN

    cross-reference

    See GOLPĀYAGĀN.

  • JORBĀDAQĀNI, ABU’L-ŠARAF

    cross-reference

    See ABU’L-ŠARAF JORBĀDAQĀNI.

  • JORDAN, SAMUEL MARTIN

    Michael Zirinsky

    In Jordan’s time, Iran was beset by Russian and British imperial aspirations, and many Iranians sought to buttress their country’s independence by drawing a third power into the balance. These Iranians saw the US as well-suited for this role because it then had no obvious imperial designs in the region.

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  • JORJĀN

    cross-reference

    See GORGĀN.

  • JORJĀNI, ZAYN-AL-DIN ABU’L-ḤASAN ʿALI

    Josef van Ess

    B. MOḤAMMAD B. ʿALI AL-ḤOSAYNI (1340-1413), prolific author and scholar of the early Timurid period.

  • JORJĀNI, ZAYN-AL-DIN ESMĀʿIL

    Hušang Aʿlam

     better known as Sayyed Esmāʿil Jorjāni (b. Gorgān, 1043-44?; d. Marv, 1136-37), physician and author of Ḏaḵira-ye ḵᵛārazamšāhi, the largest encyclopedia of Galenic medicine in Persian. 

  • JOSEPH

    Multiple Authors

    (Ar. Yusof), son of the biblical patriarch Jacob. The story of Joseph has always been a source of attractive subject matters for the exegetists of the Qurʾān, poets, miniaturists, and popular tales.

  • JOSEPH i. IN PERSIAN LITERATURE

    Asghar Dadbeh

    As a love story with religious overtones, the romance of Yusof and Zolayḵā has always been among the very favorite themes of Persian poets.

  • JOSEPH ii. In Qurʾānic Exegesis

    Annabel Keeler

    In the Qurʾān, the story of the prophet Joseph is unique in being related as one continuous narrative, making up almost the entirety of chapter (sura) 12.

  • JOSEPH iii. IN PERSIAN ART

    Chad Kia

    The most appealing subject from the Joseph story has been the episode involving Potiphar’s wife, called Zolayḵā in Islamic lore. The popularity of the stories as a subject for lyrical and narrative poetry dates back to the Ghaznavid period.

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  • JOSTANIDS

    Manouchehr Pezeshk

    also referred to as Āl-e Jostān and Āl-e Vahsudān, a local dynasty that ruled from Rudbār in Deylam, the mountainous district of Gilān during the late 8th and early 9th centuries.

  • JOURNALISM IN IRAN

    Multiple Authors

    the collection and editing of news for presentation through the public press during the Qajar, Pahlavi, and Post-Revolutionary periods.

  • JOURNALISM i. Qajar Period

    Negin Nabavi

    For much of the Qajar period, journalism was a state-run domain. In the second half of the period,  newspapers began to appear increasingly.

  • JOURNALISM ii. Pahlavi Period

    cross-reference

    See forthcoming online.

  • JOURNALISM iii. Post-Revolution Era

    Hossein Shahidi

    At the time of the 1978-79 Revolution, there were about 100 newspapers in Iran, of which twenty-three were dailies. Within two years of the revolution, 700 new titles had appeared.

  • JOVAYN

    C. Edmund Bosworth

    name of three historical localities: a village in Fārs, a fortress o the northeast of Lake Zereh in Sistān, and especially the district of that name in Khorasan.

  • JOVAYNI FAMILY

    Hashem Rajabzadeh

    a family of men of the pen and statesmen of the 13th and 14th centuries in Iran. Men of this family held high positions in the government under the Saljuq, Ḵᵛārazmšāh, and Il-khanid dynasties.

  • JOVAYNI, ʿALĀʾ-AL-DIN

    George Lane

    (1226-1283), ʿAṬĀ-MALEK b. Moḥammad, governor of Iraq under the Il-khanids, author of Tāriḵ-e jahān-gošāy, a major primary source for the history of Central Asia and the Mongol conquests.

  • JOVAYNI, EMĀM-AL-ḤARAMAYN

    Paul L. Heck

    (1028-1085), Abu’l-Maʿāli ʿAbd-al-Malek b. ʿAbd-Allāh b. Yusof, a noted Shafiʿite scholar.

  • JOVAYNI, ṢĀḤEB DIVĀN

    Michal Biran

    ŠAMS-AL-DIN MOḤAMMAD b. Moḥammad (d. 1284), Persian statesman of the early Il-khanid period, the younger brother of the historian  ʿAlāʾ-al-Din ʿAṭā-Malek Jovayni.

  • JOVIAN

    Erich Kettenhofen

    (Flavius Iovianus; 331-364), Roman emperor, r. 363-64. The present article confines discussion to the events related to the Persian campaign of 363.

  • JOWŠAQĀN

    Habib Borjian

    district in Isfahan Province in central Persia, best known for its carpets and for its dialect.

  • JOWŠAQĀN i. The District

    Habib Borjian

    Jowšaqān is located at 65 miles northwest of Isfahan, where the western foothills of the Karkas Mountain range break down into plain.

  • JOWŠAQĀN ii. The Dialect

    Habib Borjian

    Jowšaqāni, spoken in the township of Jowšaqān, is a variety of the local dialects of Kāšān, a subgroup of the Central Dialects. Published materials on the dialect include Ann Lambton’s brief grammar and texts and glossary, and R. Zargari’s verb forms, glossary, and idioms.

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  • JOWZJĀN

    C. Edmund Bosworth

    Arabicized form of Persian Gowzgān(ān), a district of eastern Khorasan in early Islamic times, now roughly corresponding to the northwest of modern Afghanistan.