Table of Contents
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IRAQ vi. PAHLAVI PERIOD, 1921-79
Mohsen M. Milani
Relations between Iran and Iraq underwent three different phases between 1921, when Britain installed Faysal Ibn Hossein as king of a newly formed nation-state of Iraq and 1979, when the Pahlavi dynasty was swept away by revolution.
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IRAQ vii. IRAN-IRAQ WAR
Saskia M. Gieling
The war between Iran and Iraq commenced with the Iraqi invasion of Iran on 22 September 1980, and ended with the bilateral acceptance of the UN Security Council Resolution 598 on 20 July 1988.
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IRAQ viii. THE SHIʿITE SHRINE CITIES OF IRAQ
cross-reference
See ʿATABĀT.
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IRAQ ix. IRANIAN COMMUNITY IN IRAQ
cross-reference
See DIASPORA vi.
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IRAQ x. SHIʿITES OF IRAQ
Meir Litvak
Iraq was the cradle of Shiʿism, where it evolved as a political and religious movement, yet, Shiʿites became a majority there only during the 19th century.
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IRAQ xi. SHIʿITE SEMINARIES
Meir Litvak
The communities of learning in the shrine cities of Najaf and Karbalā emerged as the most important centers of Twelver Shiʿite learning during the 19th century.
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IRAQ xii. PERSIAN SCHOOLS IN IRAQ
Eqbal Yaghmaʾi
At the time of the 1905-11 Constitutional Revolution in Persia, local committees in Iraq created Persian-language schools with the backing of the leading, progressive religious scholars.
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IRAQ xiii. PERSIAN NEWSPAPERS IN IRAQ: 1909-22
Nassereddin Parvin
The publication of Persian-language newspapers in Iraq began with the implementation of the 1909 Ottoman Constitutional Law.
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IRON AGE
Oscar White Muscarella
In Iran the term Iron Age is employed to identify a cultural change that occurred centuries earlier than the time accorded its use elsewhere in the Near East, and not to acknowledge the introduction of a new metal technology.
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IRON IN EASTERN IRAN
B. A. Litvinsky
Ancient iron objects in Central Asia were found for the first time at the southern mound of Anau (Turkmenistan) in 1904; these should be dated to the 9th-8th centuries BCE.
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IRONSIDE, WILLIAM EDMUND
Denis Wright
(1880-1959), Field Marshall, 1st Baron Ironside of Archangel and Ironside, noted for his important role as commander of British forces in Persia in 1920-21.
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ʿISĀ B. ṢAHĀRBOḴT
L. Richter-Bernburg
medical author of the third/ninth century, from Gondēšāpur. descendant of an apparently Nestorian Christian Syro-Persian family.
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ʿISĀ B. YAḤYĀ MASIḤI JORJĀNI
David Pingree
(d. after 925), Abu Sahl, physician, philosopher, mathematician, and astronomer. Little is securely known about the life of this Christian scholar.
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ISAAC
Sebastian Brock
bishop of Seleucia-Ctesiphon and Catholicos of the Church of the East (399-410). At the importnt church synod held, with permission of the Sasanian king, not long before his death, he worked with Marutha, bishop of Maipharqat, to obtain the approval of the creed of the Council of Nicaea (325) on the part of the Church of the East.
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ISAIAH, BOOK OF
Shaul Shaked
one of the books of the Hebrew Bible, traditionally arranged among those of the latter Prophets.
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ISARDĀS NĀGAR
Mario Casari
(or Išwar Das, 1655-1749), Hindu historian writing in Persian, author of Fotuḥāt-e ʿālamgiri, a contemporary account of the reign of Awrangzēb.
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ISFAHAN
Multiple Authors
ancient province and old city in central Iran. Isfahan city has served as one of the most important urban centers on the Iranian Plateau since ancient times.
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ISFAHAN i. GEOGRAPHY
EIr, Xavier de Planhol
The province consists of 52 hydrological units belonging to 9 basins and 27 sub-basins. Rivers are small and temporary, with the exception of the Zāyandarud, which totals 405 km in length, with an average annual discharge of 1,053 mcm, average annual precipitation of 450 mm, and a basin area of 27,100 km.2.
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ISFAHAN ii. HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY
Xavier de Planhol
The Isfahan oasis, as a prosperous area of agricultural life, eventually fostered the foundation of a major city—one whose strategic location helped it to dominate the entire area of Iran.
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ISFAHAN iii. POPULATION
Heidi Walcher, Habibollah Zanjani
Isfahan’s population size from the Safavid through the Qajar periods, as reported by European travelers and diplomats, remained largely a matter of speculation.