Table of Contents

• ḤIRA

  C. Edmund Bosworth

  city on the desert fringes of southwestern Mesopotamia; known in pre-Islamic times as the capital of the Lakhmid Arab dynasty, clients of the Sasanians, it survived as an urban settlement into the early centuries of the Islamic period.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• HISSAR, TEPE

  Cross-Reference

  (Tappa Ḥeṣār), prehistoric site located just south of Dāmḡān in northeastern Persia. See TEPE HISSAR.

• HISTORIOGRAPHY

  Multiple Authors

  This entry is concerned with the historiography of the Iranian and Persephone world from the pre-Islamic period through the 20th century in Persian and other Iranian languages. The periods and their subdivisions of this historiography are covered in 14 articles.

• HISTORIOGRAPHY i. INTRODUCTION

  Elton Daniel

  Historiography, literally, is the study not of history but of the writing of history. In modern usage, this term covers a wide range of related but distinct areas of inquiry.

• HISTORIOGRAPHY ii. PRE-ISLAMIC PERIOD

  A. SH. Shahbazi

  Iranian historiography remained unaffected by the Herodotean school and developed from oral traditions and the Mesopotamian-style “quasi-history,” which embellished historical narratives.

• HISTORIOGRAPHY iii. EARLY ISLAMIC PERIOD

  Elton L. Daniel

  It might be questioned whether there is, strictly speaking, any “historiography of Persia in the early Islamic period” at all, since it is by no means clear that there was an Islamic “Persia” prior to the rise of the Safavids.

• HISTORIOGRAPHY iv. MONGOL PERIOD

  Charles Melville

  Persian historiography reached its maturity during the period of 13th-15th centuries, which might broadly be described as the Turko-Mongol era.

• HISTORIOGRAPHY v. TIMURID PERIOD

  Maria Szuppe

  Timurid historiography is firmly rooted within the Persian literary tradition of official court histories of the post-Mongol period.

• HISTORIOGRAPHY vi. SAFAVID PERIOD

  Sholeh Quinn

  Safavid historiography, although developing unique features of its own, had its origins in the eastern Timurid tradition that was centered in Herāt.

• HISTORIOGRAPHY vii. AFSHARID AND ZAND PERIODS

  Ernest Tucker

  Persian historical writing in the 18th century reflected the profound changes that occurred in Iran after the1722 Afghan conquest of Isfahan.

• HISTORIOGRAPHY viii. QAJAR PERIOD

  Abbas Amanat

  In the century and a half that constituted the Qajar period (1786-1925), writing of history evolved from production of annalistic court chronicles and other traditional genres into the earliest experimentations in modern historiography.

• HISTORIOGRAPHY ix. PAHLAVI PERIOD

  Abbas Amanat, EIr

  Historiography of this period will be treated in two separate entries: (1) General survey of historical writings; and (2) Specific topics concerning historical works.

• HISTORIOGRAPHY ix. PAHLAVI PERIOD (1)

  Abbas Amanat

  The historical studies of this period are primarily about documenting Iran’s national identity.

• HISTORIOGRAPHY ix. PAHLAVI PERIOD (2)

  EIr

  a survey of contributions in the fields of chronology, calendar systems, religious history, and cultural continuity from pre-Islamic to the Islamic period, and a survey of the ultra-nationalistic current in historical writings in the Pahlavi period.

• HISTORIOGRAPHY x. ISLAMIC REPUBLIC.

  Cross-Reference

  See Supplement

• HISTORIOGRAPHY xi. AFGHANISTAN

  Christine Noelle-Karimi

  The historiography of the day not only bears witness to the perceptions current at the time but also was subject to reinterpretation as new historical predilections arose. The available historical accounts may thus be read on several levels.

• HISTORIOGRAPHY xii. CENTRAL ASIA

  Yuri Bregel

  The first Persian historical work produced in Central Asia (Transoxiana, Ḵʷārazm, Farḡāna, and Eastern Turkestan) was the 10th-century translation of the history of Ṭabari.

• HISTORIOGRAPHY xiii. THE INDIAN SUBCONTINENT

  cross-reference

  See INDIA xvi.

• HISTORIOGRAPHY xiv. THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE

  Sara Nur Yildiz

  Ottoman historical works composed in Persian occupy an important place in the corpus of court-oriented Ottoman historical writing of the early and classical periods.

• HNČʿAK

  Aram Arkun

  colloquial term for members of the Social Democratic Hnčʿakean Party [SDHP], founded in Switzerland by Russian Armenians in 1887, with  branches in Persia, the Russian empire, the Ottoman empire, and elsewhere.

• ḤOBAYŠ B. EBRĀHIM B. MOḤAMMAD TEFLISI

  Tahsin Yazici

  author of numerous scientific works who lived in Anatolia (d. ca. 1203-04).

• ḤOḎEQ, JUNAYDOLLO MAḴDUM

  Keith Hitchins

  (ḤĀḎEQ, JONAYD-ALLĀH; b. mid-1780s; killed 1843), one of the leading Tajik poets of his time.

• HODIVALA, SHAHPURSHAH HORMASJI DINSHAHJI

  Kaikhusroo M. JamaspAsa

  (d. 1944), professor of literature, history, and political economy,  best known for his works on Parsi history and on numismatics.

• HODIVALA, SHAPURJI KAVASJI

  Kaikhusroo M. JamaspAsa

  (1870-1931), scholar of Avestan and Zoroastrian studies.

• ḤODUD AL-ʿĀLAM

  C. EDMOND Bosworth

  a concise but very important Persian geography of the then known world, Islamic and non-Islamic, begun in 982-83 by an unknown author from the province of Guzgān (in northern Afghanistan).

• HOERNLE, AUGUSTUS FREDERIC RUDOLF

  Ursula Sims-Williams

  philologist of Indian languages and decipherer of Khotanese (1841-1918).

• HOFFMANN, KARL

  Johanna Narten

  (1915-1996), German Indo-Europeanist and Indo-Iranist. From the 1960s on, he particularly devoted his attention to the history of the Avesta tradition, above all to the Avestan script.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• HOJIR

  A. Shapur Shahbazi

  in traditional Iranian history, a hero who guarded the Dež-e Sapid “White Fort” on the border of Iran and Turān.

• ḤOJJAT

  Maria Dakake

  (“proof or argument”), a term used as: (1) a line of argument in debate; (2) designation of the Shiʿite Imams;  (3) an epithet of the Twelfth Imam; (4) a high official in the Ismaʿili missionary activities

• ḤOJJAT-AL-ESLĀM

  Hamid Algar

  (lit. Proof of Islam), a title awarded to Shiʿite scholars, originally as an honorific but later as a means of indicating their status in the hierarchy of the learned.

• ḤOJJATIYA

  Mahmoud Sadri

  a Shiʿite religious lay association founded in 1953 by the charismatic cleric Shaikh Maḥmud Ḥalabi to defend Islam against the Bahai missionary activities.

• HOJVIRI, ABU’L-ḤASAN ʿALI

  Gerhard Böwering

  B. ʿOṮMĀN B. ʿALI AL-ḠAZNAVI AL-JOLLĀBI (d. ca. 1071-72), author of the Kašf al-maḥjub, the most celebrated early Persian Sufi treatise.

• HOLDICH, THOMAS HUNGERFORD

  Denis Wright

  , Colonel Sir, British Army officer and Anglo-Indian surveyor (1842-1929). He joined the Survey of India in 1865 and was Superintendent of Frontier Surveys from 1891 until retirement in 1898.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• ḤOLWI, JAMĀL-AL-DIN MAḤMUD

  Tahsin Yazi

  biographer of the leaders of the Ḵalwati Sufi order and minor poet (1574-1654).

• HŌM

  cross-reference

  See HAOMA.

• HŌM YAŠT

  W. W. Malandra

  name given to a section of the Avestan Yasna, namely, Y. 9-11.11. It is central to the ritual and is recited prior to the priestly consumption of the parahaoma (Pahl. parāhōm).

• HOMĀM-AL-DIN

  William L. Hanaway and Leonard Lewisohn

  13th-century Persian poet, best known for his ḡazals, which follow those of Saʿdi in style and tone.

• HŌMĀN

  A. Shapur Shahbazi

  son of Vēsa, in Iranian traditional history one of the most celebrated heroes of Turān.

• HOMĀY ČEHRZĀD

  Jalil Doostkhah

  according to Iranian traditional history, a Kayānid queen; she was daughter, wife, and successor to the throne of Bahman, son of Esfandiār.

• HOMĀY O HOMĀYUN

  cross-reference

  See ḴᵛĀJU KERMĀNI.

• HOMĀYUN

  Jean During

  (lit. “auspicious”), an important modal system (dastgāh) in traditional Persian music.

• HOMĀYUN PĀDEŠĀH

  Wheeler M. Thackston

  , NĀṢER-AL-DIN MOḤAMMAD, (1508–56), second Mughal emperor in Kabul (1530–56) and northern India (1530–40 and 1555–56). succesor to Bābor.

• HOMMAIRE de HELL, IGNACE XAVIER MORAND

  Jacqueline Calmard-Compas

  French engineer, geographer, traveler (1812-1848). He carried out pioneering scientific research in the Ottoman empire, southern Russia, and Persia

• HOMOSEXUALITY

  Multiple Authors

  OVERVIEW of the entry: i. In Zoroastrianism. ii. In Islamic law. iii. In Persian literature. iv. In modern Persia. See Supplement.  

• HOMOSEXUALITY i. IN ZOROASTRIANISM

  Prods Oktor Skjærvø

  Zoroastrian literature contains discussions of personal relations only in legal contexts and is quite explicit with regard to sins of a sexual nature.

• HOMOSEXUALITY ii. IN ISLAMIC LAW

  E. K. Rowson

  The foundational texts of Islam address, and generally condemn, sexual relations between members of the same sex.

• HOMOSEXUALITY iii. IN PERSIAN LITERATURE

  EIr

  a sharp contrast exists between the treatment of homosexuality in Islamic law and its reflection in Persian literature, particularly poetry (the chief vehicle of Persian literary expression).

• HOMOSEXUALITY iv. IN MODERN IRAN

  Cross-Reference

  See Supplement.

• HONAR O MARDOM

  Nassereddin Parvin

  a monthly magazine published by the General Office of Fine Arts in the Ministry of Education, 1957, 1962-79.

• HONARESTĀN-E ʿĀLI-E MUSIQI-E MELLI

  Cross-Reference

  See Supplement.