Table of Contents

• HERBERT, THOMAS (2)

  John Butler

  (1606-1682), English soldier, traveler and antiquarian who traveled to Persia.

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• HERDS and FLOCKS

  J.-P. Digard and M.-H. Papoli Yazdi

  In the Iranian world, domestic herbivores have long been raised exclusively on natural grazing, as it is still true in many places, especially among the nomadic tribes.

• HERMAEUS

  cross-reference

  See INDO-GREEK DYNASTY.

• HERMAS, THE SHEPHERD OF

  Werner Sundermann

  title of an early Christian paraenetic apocalypse composed in Greek by a certain Hermas, who presents himself as an emancipated slave and then a Roman businessman.

• HERMELIN, AXEL ERIC

  Bo Utas

  (1860-1944), Swedish author and prolific translator of Persian works of literature.

• HERMENEUTICS

  B. Todd Lawson

  of pre-modern Islamic and Shiʿite exegesis, the principles and methods, or philosophy, of scriptural interpretation, as distinct from the act of interpretation.

• HERMES

  Albert de Jong

  the Greek god of boundaries, the ‘trickster’ of the Greek pantheon, and the guide of souls (psychopompos). Evidence for the presence of Hermes in the Iranian world is considerable.

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• HERMIAS

  cross-reference

  See ḴOSROW I, forthcoming online.

• HERMIPPUS OF SMYRNA

  J. Wiesehöfer

  third-century BCE Greek grammarian who wrote on “Zoroaster’s writings.”

• HERMITAGE MUSEUM

  B. I. Marshak and A. B. Nikitin, Anatol Ivanov

  The State Hermitage Museum of St. Petersburg, Russia, possesses some of the richest collections of Persian art.

• HERMITAGE MUSEUM i. COLLECTION OF THE PRE-ISLAMIC PERIOD

  B. I. Marshak and A. B. Nikitin

  Among the most ancient objects of Iranian art in the Hermitage collection are 55 Elamite painted vessels of the late 4th-3rd millennium BCE.

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• HERMITAGE MUSEUM ii. COLLECTION OF THE ISLAMIC PERIOD

  Anatol Ivanov

  Persian art from the advent of Islam until the beginning of the 20th century is well represented in the State Hermitage Museum. However, not all periods in this 1400-year time-span are represented equally well, because of the way the collection developed. It was put together only after the establishment of the Oriental Department in 1920.

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• HERODIAN

  Philip Huyse

  (fl. shortly before 250 CE), historian, probably a native of Syria, who wrote a Greek history of the Roman emperors from the death of Marcus Aurelius in 180 CE to the accession of Gordian III in 238.

• HERODOTUS

  Robert Rollinger

  author of the Histories, the first monumental Greek work in prose which is still extant (5th cent. BCE).

• HERODOTUS i. INTRODUCTION TO THE HISTORIES

  Robert Rollinger

  Philologists of Hellenistic times divided Herodotus’s opus magnuminto nine books and subdivided these into chapters.

• HERODOTUS ii. THE HISTORIES AS A SOURCE FOR PERSIA AND PERSIANS

  Robert Rollinger

  An evaluation of Herodotus’s treatment of Persia and the Persians is a difficult task. The subject is not limited to a specific logos but is ubiquitous in the Histories.

• HERODOTUS iii. DEFINING THE PERSIANS

  Robert Rollinger

  In the Histories the Persians are sometimes not exactly distinguishable from other peoples of their empire, especially when the Greeks’ opponents are simply qualified as “Persians.” The Persians generally are run together with the Medes.

• HERODOTUS iv. CYRUS ACCORDING TO HERODOTUS

  Robert Rollinger

  The historical past takes on clearer outline beginning with the figure of Cyrus the Great. With him the Persians too are introduced into world history.

• HERODOTUS v. CAMBYSES ACCORDING TO HERODOTUS

  Robert Rollinger

  Cambyses, the son of Cyrus, is first described by Herodotus at a time when his father’s reign was already about to end.

• HERODOTUS vi. DARIUS ACCORDING TO HERODOTUS

  Robert Rollinger

  Herodotus connects the beginning of Darius’s reign with a deep break in the history of Persian royalty. He describes the rule of the Magus and palace administrator Patizeithes as an attempt at usurpation.

• HERODOTUS vii. XERXES ACCORDING TO HERODOTUS

  Robert Rollinger

  The young king inherited a solid empire, which was greater than any before in history. The subsequent great war of the years 480 and 479 Herodotus describes as an immense struggle, to which he devotes a third of his work.

• HERODOTUS viii. MARDONIUS ACCORDING TO HERODOTUS

  Robert Rollinger

  After Xerxes’ retreat, Mardonius prepared his offensive on land. He also wanted the higher powers to be on his side.

• HERODOTUS ix. TIGRANES AND THE BATTLE OF MYCALE

  Robert Rollinger

  After Salamis, the escaped Persian fleet for a while ceased playing any further part. During the winter it was anchored in part at Cyme, and in part before Samos.

• HERODOTUS x. ARTAYCTES AND THE FINALE

  Robert Rollinger

  After the battle of Mycale, the Greeks advanced as far as the Hellespont, where they found that Xerxes’ bridge was already destroyed.

• HERODOTUS xi. SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

  Robert Rollinger

• HERON

  Cross-Reference

  See BŪTĪMĀR.

• HERON-ALLEN, EDWARD

  Joan Navarre

  British polymath, scientist, and Persian scholar who translated the quatrains of Omar Khayyam and Bābā Ṭāher (1861-1943).

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• HERTEL, JOHANNES

  Almut Hintze

  Sanskritist and Iranist (1872-1955). His lasting contributions are his earlier works on Sanskrit narrative literature and its transmission. His interpretation of Vedic and Avestan texts is based on a theory he developed from 1924.

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• HERZEGOVINA

  cross-reference

  See BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA.

• HERZFELD, ERNST

  Stefan R. Hauser, Hubertus von Gall, David Stronach, Prods Oktor Skjaervo

  OVERVIEW of the entry: i. Life and Work. ii. Herzfeld and Pasargadae. iii. Herzfeld and Persepolis. iv. Herzfeld and Paikuli. v. Herzfeld and the history of ancient Iran.

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• HERZFELD, ERNST i. LIFE AND WORK

  Stefan R. Hauser

  (1879-1948). In retrospect, Herzfeld was one of the last examples of the all-encompassing, erudite learning of the 19th century humanistic cultural tradition. Herzfeld combined a wide array of talents and interests. 

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• HERZFELD, ERNST ii. HERZFELD AND PASARGADAE

  David Stronach

  Ernst Herzfeld probably devoted more attention to the study of Achaemenid Iran than to any other single topic. His name will always be associated with Pasargadae, the dynastic seat of Cyrus II (the Great), the founder of the Achaemenid Empire.

• HERZFELD, ERNST iii. HERZFELD AND PERSEPOLIS

  Hubertus von Gall

  Herzfeld first visited Persepolis in November 1905 during his return from the Assur excavation. He returned to Persepolis during his expedition to Persia, Iraq, and Afghanistan, which lasted from February 1923 to October 1925.

• HERZFELD, ERNST iv. HERZFELD AND THE PAIKULI INSCRIPTION

  Prods Oktor Skjærvø

  The monument at Paikuli (Pāikūlī) lies on the Iraqi side of the border with Iran on a north-south line drawn from Solaimānīya in Iraq to Qaṣr-e Šīrīn in Persia on the ancient road from Ctesiphon to Azerbaijan.

• HERZFELD, ERNST v. HERZFELD AND THE HISTORY OF ANCIENT IRAN

  Josef Wiesehöfer

  Herzfeld’s classical education, giving him familiarity with Greek and Latin literature, and his training in Oriental philology as well as in archeology and architectural techniques proved of great benefit in his study of pre-Islamic Iranian history and culture.

• ḤESĀBI, MAḤMUD

  Hessamaddin Arfaei and Fariborz Majidi

  contemporary Persian physicist, senator, and minister of education (1903-1992).

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• ḤESĀR (1)

  Yuri Bregel

  region in the eastern part of Transoxania, in the upper course of the Sorḵān Daryā (medieval Čaḡānrud) and the Kāfernehān.

• ḤEṢĀR (2)

  Jean During

  in Persian music, an important section (šāh-guša) in the Persian and Azeri radifs, its name probably originating from the town in Tajikistan.

• ḤEṢĀR, TEPE

  Cross-Reference

  (Tappa Ḥeṣār), prehistoric site located just south of Dāmḡān in northeastern Persia. See TEPE HISSAR.

• ḤESBA

  cross-reference

  See MOḤTASEB.

• HESIOD

  Rüdiger Schmitt

  (Gk. Hēsíodos), Greek epic poet (fl. ca. 700 BCE). By mentioning for the first time the Scythians, Hesiod belongs to the Greek authorities for Iranian matters.

• HESYCHIUS

  Rüdiger Schmitt

  (Gk. Hēsýchios), Greek lexicographer from Alexandria, whose lexicon records a number of Iranian words (6th or possibly 5th century CE).

• HIDALI

  Matthew W. Stolper

  city and region in Elam; a residence of Elamite kings in the early 7th century B.C.E., a regional administrative center thereafter.

• HIDDEN IMAM

  Cross-Reference

  See ISLAM IN IRAN vii. The Concept of Mahdi in Twelver Shi'ism.

• HILL, GEORGE FRANCIS

  Carmen Arnold-Biucchi

  noted numismatist, epigraphist, and Director of the British Museum (1867-1948).

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• HINDU

  J. T. P. de Bruijn

  (Hendu) denotes in Persian an inhabitant of the Indian subcontinent as well as a follower of Hinduism. The stereotype of the Hindu developed into an element of lyrical imagery which had little to do with reality.

• HINDU KUSH

  Ervin Grötzbach

  the name given to the southwest range of the massive middle and south Asiatic mountain complex lying partly in Afghanistan and partly in Pakistan.

• HINDU PERSIAN POETS

  Stefano Pello

  From the late 16th century Hindus contributed to the development of Indo-Persian literary culture in general, and to the output of Persian verse in particular.

• HINZ, (A.) WALTHER

  Rüdiger Schmitt

  German scholar of Persian and Elamite studies (1906-1992).

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• HIPPOCRATES

  Lutz Richter-Bernburg

  or Boqrāṭ in Islamic tradition, where he is often referred to as “the first codifier of medicine” (4th-3rd cents. BCE).