Table of Contents

  • HULĀGU KHAN

    Reuven Amitai

    fifth son of Tolui (and thus grandson of Čengiz Khan) and founder of the Il-khanid dynasty (b. ca. 1215, d. 1265).

  • HUMAN MIGRATION

    Mehdi Amani and Habibollah Zanjani

    This subject includes three types of human migration in modern Iran: (1) migration within the country; (2) immigration of foreign nationals to Iran; and (3) emigration of Iranians to foreign countries.

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  • HUMAN RIGHTS

    cross-reference

    See Supplement.

  • HUMATA HŪXTA HUVARŠTA

    Mary Boyce

    three Avestan words which encapsulate the ethical goals of Zoroastrianism. In form verbal adjectives,  they were substantivized to mean “good thought, good word, good act.”

  • HUMBAN

    cross-reference

    See ELAM vi.

  • HUMOR

    J. T. P. de Bruijn

    The making of jokes. In the present article the focus will be on description and classification of the types of humor that can be found in Persian literary sources, mainly belonging to the classical period.

  • HUMORALISM

    Amir Arsalan Afkhami

    (ṭebb-e jālinusi/ṭebb-e yunāni), or Galenism, a medical philosophy that considers illness as an imbalance in the body’s four elemental humors. which are identified as blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile. Each of these humors is believed to possess two natures: hot or cold and dry or moist.

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  • HUMORS

    cross-reference

    See HUMORALISM.

  • HUNNIC COINAGE

    Michael Alram

    coins struck from the late fourth to the early eighth century by successive Central Asian invaders (so-called Iranian Huns) of northeastern Iran and northwestern India. It must be emphasized that our knowledge of these Central Asian nomads is, to a certain extent, still vague; and the research on their history is controversial.

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  • HUNS

    Martin Schottky

    collective term for horsemen of various origins leading a nomadic or semi-nomadic lifestyle, thought to have descended from the Hsiung-nu, a nomadic people first mentioned in Chinese sources in 318 BCE.